<p>Hochkönig is a large ski area on the Hochkönig massif in Salzburger Land, Austria. Hochkönig is part of Ski Amadé, a network of 28 ski areas on the same ski pass which make up the largest ski areas in Europe.</p><br>
<p>The Hochkönig ski area consists of the five resorts of Maria Alm, Hintermoos, Hinterthal, Dienten am Hochkönig, and Mühlbach am Hochkönig and is an hour&#39;s drive from the city of Salzburg. The ski area spans eight mountains.</p><br>
<p>There are 32 ski lifts and 112 km of prepared pistes; 52 km of them being classified as easy, 41 km as intermediate and 19 km as difficult. Hochkönig furthermore has 8 km of off-piste bowls with one of the highest tree lines in Europe.</p><br>
<p>Due to its special microclimate, Hochkönig has one of the best snowfall records in Austria and has a long ski season, usually from early December to the middle of April.</p><br>
<p>The Checkerboard Inn, also known as the Forshee-Jenkins House, is a late 18th-century frame building located on Mansion Ridge Golf Club in Monroe, New York, United States. Originally built as a house, within a decade it went into service as an inn when the Orange Turnpike, an early toll road through the area, opened in 1802. It takes its name from an early owner&#39;s reputed decision to paint it in a checkerboard pattern to attract business, although this has not been conclusively established.</p><br>
<p>In the 20th century, it was expanded to serve as a family cottage for the family of a New York silk merchant, Moses Migel. Today, after many other owners and a long period of neglect, it remains standing, vacant, next to the golf course&#39;s clubhouse. It is the property of the Town of Monroe, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006. The town is hoping to raise the money to restore it and use it as a local history museum.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The house is built into a gentle slope on a hill looking out over its section of the New York-New Jersey Highlands, and ultimately the Shawangunk Ridge in the distance. At the north end the foundations are visible. A small group of trees surrounds it on three sides. An old road grade is visible to the east.</p><br>
<p>The older main section is one and a half stories high and five bays wide, sided in aluminum over old pine clapboards. In the center of the facade is the main entrance, a Federal style entrance with fluted pilasters supporting an entablature and cornice. The asbestos-shingled gabled roof is pierced by brick chimneys at either end. A badly deteriorated porch is attached to the rear.</p><br>
<p>From the west end projects a double wing, one one-by-two-bay section continuing to the west, set slightly back, with a larger three-by-one section extending to the north. The east wing is similar to the west wing, just a little larger. A terrace is between the two wings in the rear.</p><br>
<p>On the inside, the house follows a center-hall plan, with fireplaces heating either end. The walls are finished in plaster on lath, likely replaced since original construction. Most trim is original with the exception of a bathroom and nearby cabinet added in the 20th century. The basement is unfinished.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Between 1790 and 1810 the main block was built in a vernacular local style for a local farmer named Bernard Forshee. In 1802 the Orange Turnpike, which elsewhere in the county is today followed by state highways 17 and 17M, was routed past the house. A segment of its bed remains just to the east of the house. A milestone that was also next to it has since been stolen.</p><br>
<p>At some point during the turnpike&#39;s years of operation, according to local lore, the house was converted to an inn for travelers. Since it was just south of what is today the village of Monroe, where there were many other inns, Forshee supposedly decided to distinguish the Forshee House by painting it in a black-and-white checkerboard pattern.</p><br>
<p>He sold it to his son John in 1823, who in turn sold it to an Ira Jenkins ten years later. By that point many of the early turnpikes were going broke and reverting to public ownership and maintenance. It is believed that the house&#39;s use as an inn was discontinued, although the checkerboard pattern apparently remained long enough that traces of it continued to exist into the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>In 1916 New York City silk merchant Moses Charles Migel bought the property and surrounding lands to make Greenbraes Farm, his 230 acre estate. Since he wanted to build a stone barn and house nearby (today Mansion Ridge&#39;s clubhouse), it was necessary to relocate the road off the property, a move that also helped smooth out a steep descent into Monroe. The Migels paid for the road to be relocated and rebuilt along its current alignment; Mary Harriman granted a right-of-way.</p><br>
<p>Three decades later, Migel&#39;s son Richard had grown and married. The two wings were added to the house to accommodate them in the late 1940s, and a shed-roof on the rear elevation, the only significant changes made during its existence. Original wrought iron hardware, which the Migels intended to retain, was accidentally melted down as scrap during this process.</p><br>
<p>The house remained a private residence until the mid-1990s, when the last owners moved out. It then became the property of a developer, Great Expectations, which had acquired the entire former Migel Estate to develop into the current Mansion Ridge golf-and-condominium complex. As part of the approval process, Great Expectations donated the Checkerboard Inn to the Town of Monroe. Three years later the town began the process of seeking a state grant to remodel it into a local history museum.</p><br>
<p>The building of the United States Court of Military Appeals, formerly known as the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, is a historic building located at 450 E St., Northwest, Washington, D.C. It is regarded as "a particularly fine and remarkably early example of revived  Greek Revival architecture."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was completed in 1910. It served as the D.C. Court of Appeals until 1952, when the USA Court of Military Appeals took it over. It was designed by the Architect of the Capitol, Elliott Woods, to be compatible with the Washington City Hall (1820), designed by George Hadfield and Robert Mills.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>When nominated in 1973, it was serving the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces.</p><br>
<p>Akrai was a Greek colony founded in Sicily by the Syracusans in 663 BC. It was located near the modern Palazzolo Acreide.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Akrai was among the first colonies of Syracuse founded by Corinthian colonists arriving in Sicilian territory. It was on the road to Gela, along with the Pantalica, Kasmene (military outpost on Monte Lauro), Akrillai and Camarina (the most distant of the colonies, founded 598 BC). Akrai and Kasmene were founded by the Syracusans: Akrai, seventy years after Syracuse, Kasmenae about twenty years later (c.640 BC). The original colonisation of Kamarina is attributed to the Syracusans, around a hundred and thirty years after the foundation of Syracuse; the founders were called Daskon and Menekolos.</p><br>
<p>Constructed on the peak of a hill, Akrai was difficult to attack and at the time of its construction an ideal point for watching the surrounding territory. Thanks to the importance of its strategic position, the city achieved great prosperity, peaking during the reign of Hieron II (275 - 215 BC). Loyal to Syracuse, it nevertheless had its own political life with administrative and military autonomy. Notably, its army intercepted the invasion force of Nicias in the Val di Noto or Anapo uin 421 BC, contributing to his defeat.</p><br>
<p>In 211 BC, after the fall of Syracuse, it became part of the Roman province, being known in Latin as Acre. The city continued to be under Roman rule into the Byzantine period.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>The community was completely destroyed by the Arabs in 827 and the abandoned city was slowly covered over by soil and vegetation, remaining hidden from view and forgotten for almost eight hundred years. One of the first scholars to identify the site of the lost city was the Sicilian scholar Tommaso Fazello (1498 – 1570). Subsequently others showed interest in the site, especially the Palazzolan baron Gabriele Judica, who undertook the first archaeological excavations at the site in the early nineteenth century and described his findings in the book Le antichità di Acre (The Antiquities of Akrai), published in 1819.</p><br>
<p>Later excavations of the archaic city have revealed a theatre which is small but veruy well preserved. From later periods there are two latomiae (stone quarries) from the mid fourth century, known as Intagliata and Intagliatella (Carved cave and Little carved cave). On the flat area above Intagliata are the foundation stones of the Aphrodision, the temple of Aphrodite, erected in the sixth century BC.</p><br>
<p>At the western end of the site is the Bouleuterion, where the city council met. East of the hill are the Feral Temples, dedicated to the cult of the dead.</p><br>
<p>Lake Lenore  is located in Grant County, Washington. It is a 1,670-acre  lake formed by the Missoula Floods in the lower Coulee just north of the town of Soap Lake, Washington. It is situated between Alkali Lake to the north and Soap Lake to the south. The lake is rather narrow, but long. The length of the lake runs north–south alongside Washington State Route 17 leading from near the city of Moses Lake to Coulee City, Washington.</p><br>
<p>One of the interesting areas around Lake Lenore is the Lenore Caves. Located at the northern end of the lake, the Lenore Caves are a series of overhangs along the cliffs at the lake. They exist in one of the largest volcanic regions on Earth.</p><br>
<h2>Statistics</h2><br>
<p>Restroom facilities: Yes</p><br>
<p>Boat launch area(s): Yes</p><br>
<p>Handicap accessible: Yes</p><br>
<h2>Lenore Caves</h2><br>
<p>The Lenore Caves were formed by the plucking of basalt from the walls of the coulees by the rush of melt waters and are geologically different from most caverns. They were later used as shelters by prehistoric man.</p><br>
<p>On Washington State Route 17 along Lake Lenore is a turn-off that leads to a parking area at the beginning of a trail. There is a sign with information about the caves and a general history of the area. There are seven caves accessible by well-maintained trails leading to the caves scattered about the eastern wall of the Grand Coulee across from Lake Lenore.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On January 13, 1947, the USA War Assets Administration disposed of drums of sodium into Lake Lenore. See a.</p><br>
<p>The Lazzaretto Vecchio is an island of the Venetian Lagoon, northern Italy, located near the Lido of Venice. Between 1403 and 1630 it housed a hospital which cared for people during the plague epidemics and as a leprosarium. It was later used, as were other islands, as a military post. It covers an area 2.53 hectare large.</p><br>
<p>Since 2004 archaeologists have unearthed more than 1500 skeletons of plague victims buried here between the 15th and 17th centuries. These have been found in individual as well as in mass graves. The remains of thousands more are expected still to be found on the small island as the death-toll reportedly reached 500 per day in the 16th century.</p><br>
<p>Lazzaretto Vecchio 2015, 01.JPGMain entrance</p><br>
<p>Lazzaretto Vecchio 2015, 02.JPGThe staff building</p><br>
<p>Lazzaretto Vecchio 2015, 03.JPGPanorama of the Lazzaretto buildings</p><br>
<p>Lazzaretto Vecchio 2015, 06.JPGThe hospital for the nobles</p><br>
<p>Lazzaretto Vecchio 2015, 07.JPGInside one of the galleries</p><br>
<p>Weiss Lake is a lake in northeastern Alabama that is owned and operated by the Alabama Power Company. The lake consists of 30,200 acre, all coming from the Coosa River, Chattooga River , and Little River, offering over 447 mi of shoreline and shallow flats, large coves, under-water drop offs and deep channels. Lake Weiss also has privately owned hotels, marinas, campground and bait and tackle stores.</p><br>
<p>Weiss Dam, creating the reservoir, was begun as the first of seven hydroelectric projects on the Coosa in 1958, and finished three years later. It is a concrete and earthen gravity dam, 126 ft high, named after Fernand C. Weiss, a former chief engineer of Alabama Power.</p><br>
<p>Weiss Lake contains crappie, largemouth bass, and striped bass. In 2009 the population of bass consists of 15–18 inch preferred size bass as well as abundant numbers of young growing bass. The striped bass population primarily consist of 3–7 pound fish, but fish over 25 pounds have been caught as well. The best seasons for fishing crappie are March through May, yet September through November months are good as well. The best bass months are February through May, and in October and November.</p><br>
<p>The Rome Sailing Club began at Garden Lakes in 1955, but moved to Lake Weiss in 1980. Lake Weiss has 11 bridges crossing it. At full summer pool, Weiss Lake sits 564 ft above sea level. A book by local newspaper editor Douglas Scott Wright, titled A History of Weiss Lake, describes the decades-long battle to build a series of dams along the upper Coosa River, the farmers who tried to stop construction of Weiss Dam, the man the lake was named after, and the ups and downs the community have experienced since it was completed in June 1961.</p><br>
<p>Con Moong cave  is located in the south of Mọ village, in Thành Yên commune, in the Thạch Thành District of Thanh Hóa Province, lying in the area of Cúc Phương National Park. Cúc Phương National Park not only protects the rare and precious animals in Vietnam, but also is a preserve for the archaeological relics of the prehistorical period that are significant not only to Vietnam, but also to the greater region. Among these relics, the most outstanding one is the archaeological site of Con Moong cave . In 1976 Vietnamese archaeologists excavated the site.</p><br>
<h2>Site description</h2><br>
<p>Con Moong cave lies in a limestone mountain along the Da River, and on the right bank of the Red River. It is located about 100 km from Hanoi (in a bee-line) to the south-west. Con Moong is an airy cave, about 40m above the valley level, where there was once a spring that has now dried up; about 40 km away, however, there is a big spring. The cave has two entrances that connect with one another in the form of a drum-barrel form. The archaeologists have excavated the south-western entrance, where there is in-situ evidence of an ancient culture.</p><br>
<p>The excavation site is 40m², and the average thickness of stratum is 3.5m. Con Moong Cave may be one of the archaeological sites with the thickest cultural layers in Vietnam. The archaeological site comprises 10 different soil layers. Based on the structure of soil layers and typical items, the soil layers can be classified into 3 different cultural layers:</p><br>
<p>Down from the surface, layers 2, 3, and 4 belong to cultural layer III, which is the most recent. In this layer they found out some cobble tools, such as a Hòa Bình-style axe with blade, or Bắc Sơn-style and pottery. This is typical for Hòa Bình or Bắc Sơn culture.</p><br>
<p>Layers 6 and 7 belong to cultural layer II. Most of the tools found here present the typical features of Hòa Bình culture. The stone tools such as cutting tool with almond form, oval form, rectangular form; scraper of plate form, short axe, bone sharpen head tool, scraper of mother of pearl. The huddled tomb with yellow soil found here is also popular in Hòa Bình excavation sites.</p><br>
<p>Layer 9 is cultural layer I, the earliest. The typical stone tools with usable edges were covering one quarter of the cobble; there were also some fragments of broken wine bottles. These tools are typical for Sơn Vi culture, proving that Hòa Bình culture comes from Sơn Vi culture.</p><br>
<p>Layers 5 and 8 are thin, with thickness from 10 to 25 cm, having burnt spots and inorganic material. They are the boundary line dividing the 3 cultural layers.</p><br>
<p>In all cultural layers, traces of cooking can be seen, the later ones being nearer to the cave entrance. Together with the kitchen areas are the shells of mollusc, such as Cyclophorus, Camraena, Hybocystis, Antirnelania, Lanceolaria Sf nohyriopsls, Ozynaia, and Meretrix. Some of these molluscs are in situ, others smashed, closely mixed with each other or scattered in the soil.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Con Moong archaeological site is really a key for the understanding of Vietnamese and South East Asian prehistory. It has been confirmed that the continuation of art techniques to make cobble tools with representatives from Sơn Vi culture to Hòa Bình culture, and then Bắc Sơn culture. Con Moong Cave may show the evolution of human beings from the end of the old stone age, transiting through the middle stone age, to the beginning of the new stone age; from hunting and gathering, to plantation and breeding, the occupants of the site transitioned from a primitive stage to an age of civilization.</p><br>
<p>The development from Old Stone Age to new Stone Age in Vietnam also implies a change from the Pleistocene to the Holocene. Cultural layers I and II have various floristic compositions, which means that there is only sporoplasm (Polypodiaceae, Cyatheaceae) but not pollen; and vice versa, there is only pollen (Chenopodiaceae, Leguminosae, Rubiaceae, Myricaceae, Mzliaceae, Fagaceac) but not sporoplasm in cultural layer II.</p><br>
<p>At present there are 17 generations C14 for cultural layers in different depths of the Con Moong excavation site. The duration between Pleistocene and Holocene of the Quaternary period in Vietnam that is more or less 10,000 years ago.</p><br>
<p>In the Con Moong archaeological site, the existence of Sơn Vi culture at the end of the Old Stone Age has been reconfirmed by stratum document. Moreover, formerly Sơn Vi culture has been only known as existing before Hòa Bình culture but now it is known more clearly that it had been integrated with Hòa Bình culture at the utmost.</p><br>
<p>Through the tombs found in cultural layers II and I, we have found out about the Sơn Vi ancient people. The mollusks, yellow soil, and stone wares buried together with the dead people suggest that there is a connection between Sơn Vi and Hòa Bình people based on the burial forms. The stone wares in layer II are of the Hòa Bình culture, but are big not small, and quite different from the European mesolithic. It means that in the mesolithic or epipaleolithic, people here did not use the bow and arrow as others, but rather the abundance of bamboo allowed them to use bows and cross-bows without armature, as in many other places.</p><br>
<p>Layer III is of the Bắc Sơn culture, similar to Hòa Bình II that had been put forward before by M. Colani. Hòa Bình II or Bắc Sơn culture really belongs to the New Stone Age, with the appearance of axes with ground blades and pottery. With blade axes, the human beings had gained great achievement in production techniques of stone wares, the beginning for the New Stone Age revolution in Vietnam and the region.</p><br>
<h2>World Heritage status</h2><br>
<p>This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on 21 June 2006, in the Cultural category.</p><br>
<p>Lonaconing Furnace, also known as The George&#39;s Creek Coal and Iron Company Furnace No. 1, is a historic iron furnace in Lonaconing, Allegany County, Maryland, United States. It is a truncated square pyramid constructed of sandstone, 50 ft high, 50 feet square at the base, and 25 feet square at the top. It first produced iron in 1839, then the iron operation was abandoned in the mid-1850s, the Loncaconing Furnace complex included a top house, molding house, engine house, and two hot-air furnaces for heating the blast. None of these ancillary structures remains. It played a significant role in demonstrating that both coke and raw bituminous coal could be used as fuels in the manufacture of iron. It is known as "the first coke furnace, whose operation was successful, erected in this country."</p><br>
<p>Lonaconing Furnace was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The Ronald&ndash;Brennan House, often referred to as just the Brennan House, is a historic Italianate townhouse located in Downtown Louisville, Kentucky. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 11, 1975. The house was voted one of the top ten favorite buildings in Louisville by local residents in a contest by The Courier-Journal.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1868 for tobacco merchant Francis Ronald. In 1884, it was sold for $12,000 to Thomas Brennan, an equipment manufacturer and inventor who was originally from Ireland. He and his wife, Anna, had eight children who grew up in the house. Thomas Brennan (1838-1914) received accolades for his inventions, including two prizes at the 1893 Chicago World&#39;s Fair. He was co-owner and vice president of Brennan & Co., SouthWestern Agricultural Works, a manufacturer of farm machinery.</p><br>
<p>The three-story townhouse has six bedrooms and features 16-foot ceilings. It was designed with stained-glass windows, an expansive veranda, hand-carved marble and slate mantels, and crystal chandeliers. The Brennan home was among the first in Louisville to have electric lights.</p><br>
<p>Two of the Brennan sons became doctors, and one of them, Dr. J. A. O. Brennan, added a north wing to the house in 1912 for medical office space with waiting and exam rooms.</p><br>
<p>One of Brennan&#39;s sons continued to live in the house until his death in 1963. At that time, the house was left to the Filson Club.</p><br>
<p>The house was operated by the Filson Club as a house museum from 1969 until 1992, when a non-profit organization was created by the club to manage the house, as well as to help defray the costs of maintaining it.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The Brennan House is now the home of Preservation Louisville, a non-profit advocacy organization whose mission is to protect and promote the city&#39;s cultural, architectural, and environmental heritage. The house is available for group tours and can be rented for weddings, parties, and other events. Annual Victorian holiday tours are held at the house.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the house has been preserved with original interior finishes and lighting. The furnishings are from the Brennan family&#39;s personal collection. Some of the original items in the house include family photographs, a signed Tiffany lamp, hand-carved furniture, a stained glass coat of arms by Louisville artist Bernard Alberts, and steamer trunks filled with world travel memorabilia. The medical office addition has been preserved with an exam table, equipment and medical volumes from the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The house has been reported as a haunted site in Louisville.</p><br>
<p>The National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, Marion Branch is a historic old soldiers&#39; home located in Marion, Indiana. The hospital, along with Marion National Cemetery were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999 as a national historic district.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On July 23, 1888, with increasing membership amongst the six National Homes for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers (NHDVS), Congress established the seventh of ten national old soldiers&#39; homes in Grant County, Indiana to be known as the Marion Branch. Congress allotted an appropriation of $200,000, while the Grant County residents provided a natural gas supply for the heating and lighting of this new facility. Marion, Indiana was selected as a site for the new branch due to the availability of natural gas and the political efforts of George Washington Steele.</p><br>
<h3>George Washington Steele</h3><br>
<p>During his last term, Colonel George Washington Steele introduced legislation for establishing a branch home in Grant County in the fiftieth session of congress, the measure coming up in December, and for seven months he watched the proceedings. Colonel Steele was not optimistic about the chances of Grant County receiving the National Home. In a letter sent to Simon Goldthwait two days before Congress approved the measure, Colonel Steele said that the bill “was in real danger.” The bill was approved by an Act of Congress and signed by President Grover Cleveland on July 23, 1888, entitled: "An Act to authorize the location of a Branch Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers in Grant County, Indiana, and For Other Purposes." This legislation required a tract of land of at least 200 acre with a natural gas well or wells on the site. The cost of drilling the wells was to be paid by Grant County citizens. Once the site and the gas supply were provided, the Board of Managers would begin construction within six months. The initial Congressional appropriation for the project was $200,000.</p><br>
<p>Approval of Steele&#39;s bill was received with great enthusiasm in Marion, where the local newspaper predicted that the expenditure for the branch would total at least $500,000. News of the bills passing was favorably received in Grant County and on July 30, 1888 a celebration took place and it was estimated that the streets of Marion were thronged with the largest assemblage ever reported in Marion.</p><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>By October 1888, a 220 acre tract had been purchased by a group of local citizens for donation to the Federal government for the National Home site. This tract was located in North Marion in a bend of the Mississinewa River on the "hilliest body of land in Grant County" from which there were views to the east and north as well as south to Marion. However, this site proved to be unacceptable because the natural gas wells drilled on it were inadequate. Other sites were proposed.</p><br>
<p>In February 1889, General Lew A. Harris and Colonel J. B. Thomas, serving as advisers to the Board of Managers, visited Marion to inspect possible sites for the branch. They made their headquarters the Spencer House. On March 2, 1889, an announcement was made that the selection of a site along Jonesboro Pike, 2 ½ miles southeast of town, was announced. The site was assembled from 76.41 acre of Geiger owned farmland which was purchased on March 28, 1889, and 140.43 acre of land purchased from Isaac Elliott on April 10, 1889. These two tracts were purchased for approximately $110 per acre. The Federal Government only authorized up to $90 per acre, and therefore, local Grant County citizens donated the additional monies to ensure the construction of the Marion Branch. The site was later enlarged with the purchase of three additional tracts in 1894, 1896, and 1897, for a total of 298.84.</p><br>
<p>On May 2, 1889, a group of men headed by Colonel Harris arrived to visit the home site. While visiting a demonstration of the natural gas well was given. This well is located east, across the street from Building 23. Construction of the Marion Branch began in 1889. A brick works was located on an adjacent farm which supplied the bricks for the original structures.</p><br>
<p>The official opening for the Marion National Home was on March 18, 1890. The cost of land, buildings and permanent improvements totaled $698,000. Enrollment at the Marion Branch in 1890 was 586. The main hospital building, Building 19, was completed and patients began to be treated in the facility. Female nurses arrived for work from Cincinnati.</p><br>
<h3>Operations</h3><br>
<p>By 1892 a request for two additional barracks was made due to the VA reaching its veteran capacity of 1,241 members. During this time, members were sleeping on the floor due to lack of space. Enrollment steadily rose to reach 1782 members in 1901. With enrollment increasing due to the veterans returning from World War I, and with the 1917 amendment allowing all veterans the same medical care, additions to the National Home became necessary. By 1919, approximately 60 additional buildings had been constructed to include memorials, a fire station, warehouses, additional quarters, supply buildings, and greenhouses.</p><br>
<p>The Marion Branch and all other homes were opened to both the white veteran and members of the United States Colored Troops. This integration was a full eighty years before the United States had fully integrated military units. The integration was rudimentary by today’s standards. When the numbers permitted there were separate barracks and separate tables in the dining hall, but each man wore the same uniform, ate the same meals and performed similar duties.</p><br>
<h3>World War I veterans</h3><br>
<p>In 1921, the Marion Branch became the Marion National Sanitarium, a facility dedicated to the treatment World War I neuropsychiatric cases, including what was then called shell shock and other mental disorders.</p><br>
<p>In August 1921, Congress acted to consolidate all veterans’ benefits into a single independent agency, the Veterans Bureau. On April 29, 1922, this agency assumed responsibility for fifty-seven veterans’ hospitals operated by the Public Health Service as well as nine under construction by the Treasury Department.</p><br>
<p>By 1926, the Board began to see a new trend in veterans’ use of the National Home. For the most part, the World War I veterans were receiving medical treatment and returning to civilian life rather than entering the domiciliary program for the Home. The Board noted that hospital care costs were almost three times the cost of domiciliary care and required large capital investments in hospitals, medical equipment, and professional staff. By 1928, the Board concluded that it was not capable of managing the National Home as a national medical service. In June 1929, the president of the Board of Managers was named to the Federal Commission for Consideration of Government Activities Dealing with Veterans’ Matters; the work of this commission resulted in the creation of the Veterans Administration.</p><br>
<h2>End of the National Home</h2><br>
<p>In 1930 the National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, Veterans Bureau, and Bureau of Pensions were consolidated together into the new Veterans Administration. The National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers was renamed the “Home Service” within it. The Marion Branch was then renamed the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Marion, Indiana.</p><br>
<p>In 1996, the facility was integrated with the Fort Wayne facility by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, becoming the VA Northern Indiana Health Care System, Marion Campus.</p><br>
<h2>Cemetery</h2><br>
<p>A burial ground of 61.5 acre was set aside from the buildings in memory of the men who offered their lives in defense of their country.</p><br>
<p>“The Silent Circle” is designated as Section 1, which consists of seven concentric rows of graves. Each grave has a plain marble marker with the name of the deceased, along with the rank and regiment. Each marker is numbered in succession but does not indicate any order of death.</p><br>
<p>There is a section that was reserved for the burial of employees and their families to include the first governor of The Home and the first surgeon of the hospital.</p><br>
<p>Hermione, now the Hermione Museum, is a Greek Revival-style plantation house building built in 1853 or 1855 in Tallulah, Louisiana. In April 1862, General Grants troops landed at Millikens Bend before the siege of Vicksburg and occupied the Sparta Plantation. During the course of the siege, the Hermione House, on the Kell Plantation, was confiscated and used as a federal hospital, like some other plantation homes in the area. The Hermione House is one of four structures that remain standing in Madison Parish that were built before the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>It survived because it was used as a Union hospital. The building is now a museum. It was donated to the Madison Historical Society in 1997, then moved to its current location, and now serves as a museum and home for the historical society.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Snyder House in Kalispell, Montana, also known as Howard House and as Welty House, is a "transitional Colonial Revival" style house built in c.1900.</p><br>
<p>It is a wood-frame house that was probably built by stonemason Joseph C. Snyder, and its design is probably from a pattern book. It was argued to be "a fine representative example of transitional Colonial Revival styling on Kalispell&#39;s west side." Its NRHP nomination states:While the overall massing and cross-gabled form of the house are distinctive of the Colonial Revival genre, numerous decorative elements clearly reflect late 19th century Queen Anne styling, including the turned supports with scroll-work on the almost-full-width front porch, the clapboard siding with decorative shingle work in the gable ends, the stained glass transoms, and the bay window.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Lake Posadas is a lake located on the edge of the southern Andes, northwest of Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, near the border between Argentina and Chile.</p><br>
<p>Its turquoise waters and a curious tunnel-shaped rock at the centre makes a distinctive landscape. A narrow land bridge separates the northern end of Lake Posadas from the bigger, deeper Cochrane/Pueyrredón Lake.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Bordered by glacial moraines, Lake Posadas is located on the eastern slope of the Andes mountain range. It belongs to the Argentine-Chilean binational basin of the Baker River which drains into the Pacific Ocean. It has an important affluent, the Tarde River, and two others minor ones and it drains into Lake Pueyrredón through a short river reach. Mean annual rainfall is 200 mm and annual temperature is 4.5 °C.</p><br>
<p>Lake Posadas, somewhat triangular in shape, has cliffs, ravines and volcanic tuffs with no plant cover on its northeastern slope. Towards its eastern end, open steppe shrubs prevail (Senecio spp, Schinus molle, Nassauvia ulicina) with Adesmia boronioides and scanty broom sedge (Andropogon argenteus). On its southern shore there are fluvio-glacial fans bordered by patches of thickets composed of "duraznillo" (Colliguaya integerrima), "calafate" (Berberis heterophylla), and "neneo" (Mulinum spinosum). The lake&#39;s shores are stony with scanty vegetation in low shrubs.</p><br>
<p>The basin of the lakes Posadas/Pueyrredón and Ghio is the lowest glacier depression in the southern Patagonian Andes, raising only 500 ft over the sea level. Lago Posadas, fed by the glacier rushing streams of the Furioso and Tarde rivers, receives with the thawing suspended matter that confers its unmistakable color. Separated from the crystalline and deep blue Lago Pueyrredón by the isthmus (La Península), now drains into it, and both to the Pacific Ocean. In older times, the waters flowed to the Atlantic. From remote times the basin sheltered both human and animal life, of which give proof important archaeological remains; a guide is recommended.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The town of Hipólito Yrigoyen (Lago Posadas) and the National Route 40 (Argentina) are located in the vicinity of the lake. This guarantees accessibility, lodging infrastructure and services for visitors.</p><br>
<p>The whole region is known as a trout and salmonidae fishing destination, and a place also suitable for trekking, kayaking and rural tourism.</p><br>
<p>From Lake Posadas it&#39;s also possible to travel to Cañadón del río Pinturas, entering the Patagonian steppe. There is a sector called Cueva de las Manos ("Cave of Hands&quot where many ancient paintings can be found. These painting are 10000 years old.</p><br>
<p>Proprietary House in Perth Amboy, New Jersey, United States, is the only proprietary governor&#39;s mansion of the original Thirteen Colonies still standing. Overseen by architect and builder John Edward Pryor, construction began in 1762 and was completed in 1764. The Georgian style "mansion" was first occupied by Chief Justice Frederick Smyth by rent and approval of "The Proprietors" on April 10, 1766 to 1773. In May 1773, the mansion was repaired and fitted to be the residence of the royal governor of New Jersey, and leased by the proprietors as such.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The home was occupied temporarily, 1774 to 1776, by the Royal Governor of New Jersey, William Franklin (the illegitimate son of Benjamin Franklin). In January 1776, he was ordered to be held under house arrest on order of the Provincial Congress of New Jersey and under guard of the Committee of Safety. In June, after the onset of hostilities between Great Britain and the fledgling nation, he was ordered arrested and taken to Princeton for trial and then imprisoned in Litchfield, Connecticut until his release in a prisoner exchange in 1778.</p><br>
<p>After the house was ravaged by a mysterious fire in the late eighteenth century a new owner, John Rattone, of Perth Amboy restored it. Rattone was an ambitious New Yorker who added a large wing and turned the property into The Brighton, a hotel of grand stature in its day. It briefly flourished as an elegant and popular hotel until the War of 1812 brought an end to tourism and the lifeblood of the hotel. Mathias Bruen, who bought the property at a sheriffs sale in 1817, became one of the wealthiest men in America while he lived here. His descendants made large contributions to Americas social and political history.</p><br>
<p>In subsequent years, the original 11.5 acre site was subdivided, and the former Proprietary House was converted into a Presbyterian retirement home. It was adapted again as a hotel, but with modest accommodations. Now owned by the State of New Jersey, a portion of the building is operated as a museum by the Proprietary House Association. The upper floors of the original building and the 1809 wing are occupied by professional offices.</p><br>
<p>The first floor and basement of the Proprietary House have been undergoing extensive repairs and restoration by the non-profit Proprietary House Association. The New Jersey Historic Trust and the Division of Parks and Forestry of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, along with private contributors, have greatly supported the effort to restore some of the former glory of the building.</p><br>
<h3>Post-Revolution period</h3><br>
<p>Either during and after the Revolution, the House suffered extensive damage. A fire gutted the interior. On February 29, 1792 an ad in the New Jersey Journal and Political Intelligence stated "to be sold... eleven acres of land... the property of the proprietors of East New Jersey... the remains of the house lately burned, will be nearly sufficient for a new building."</p><br>
<p>The property was not sold until John Rattoon, first official mayor of the then town of Perth Amboy. purchased it for $1,051 in 1794. Rattoon, a Perth Amboy merchant, had carefully concealed his work as an operator for the British secret service. He tore down the damaged rear portion of the upper story, put on a roof, and refurbished the interior.</p><br>
<h3>The Brighton Hotel</h3><br>
<p>In 1808 Rattoon sold the property to Richard M. Woodhull of New York City who converted it into a hotel called The Brighton. In addition to building a three-story wing, Woodhull added two stories to the main block. The smaller lintels of the third floor windows indicate the change. During the 1986 restoration, the attic chimneys revealed that the original roof had been only about eight feet lower than the present one. Woodhull replaced the huge front door, the outline of which is still distinguishable in the brick pattern. The massive brownstone steps were replaced with a two-story porch. A door leading to the second story of the porch replaced the Venetian window. Almost all of the present woodwork dates from the 1808-1809 period. It was then that the two handsome interior arches were constructed. The New York Gazette of May 27, 1809, described the Brighton Hotel as a "Charming Place, magnificent by nature and elegant by art."</p><br>
<h3>The Bruen House</h3><br>
<p>The War of 1812 ruined the Brighton as a resort. In 1817, it was sold at sheriff&#39;s sale to Mathias Bruen, a Perth Amboy merchant who had become one of the wealthiest men in the nation. He resided there until his death in 1846. The Bruen heirs renovated the property and renamed it as the Brighton. Depression and interruptions caused by the Mexican and Civil Wars doomed the project.</p><br>
<h3>The Westminster</h3><br>
<p>In 1883 the Bruen family conveyed the property to the Presbyterian Board of Relief for Disabled Ministers and the Wives and Orphans of Deceased Ministers, where it was used as a home for the families of deceased ministers. After 20 years, the Presbytery returned the property to the Bruen family. In 1904, the family sold the property. Most of its eleven acres were divided into building lots, and Kearny Avenue was cut through. The house experienced a series of owners. Over the years it deteriorated from a comfortable apartment house with a public restaurant to a dilapidated rooming house and suspected flophouse.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>In 1914 a group of Perth Amboy citizens founded the Westminster Historical Society to raise funds to purchase and restore the Proprietary House. In the late 1930s, the house was measured and plans drawn by the Historical American Buildings Survey for a record of this significant property. The plans and photos are held by the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C.</p><br>
<p>Realizing that the importance of the property was as the Proprietary House and not as the Westminster, the Proprietary House Association was incorporated on September 7, 1966, to succeed the Westminster Historical Society. The State was persuaded to purchase the property, and it was placed on both the State and National Registers of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Mainly with volunteer help, the Association cleaned out years of accumulated debris and removed walls which had divided the great rooms. The first two floors were open to visitors in 1976. Gradually, it became recognized that the Proprietary House is of state and national as well as local significance. However, the process of decay continually outpaced the process of restoration. Neither the Association or the State were able to pay for historically accurate restoration.</p><br>
<p>In 1985 the Restoration Partnership of Boston, with William S. Pavlovsky as a principal, proposed a plan under which the Partnership would lease the house and 3.5 acres of surrounding land for 25 years. At its cost, the Partnership would restore and renovate the exterior, and finish the interior of the 1809 wing and the upper floors of the main block as offices. Income from the offices would reimburse the partnership. The plan was implemented in 1986. The ground and first floors of the original mansion are leased by the State to the Proprietary House Association, which is charged with raising funds for programming, interpretation, and historically accurate restoration.</p><br>
<p>In late 2011 a historically accurate re-restoration began. Through paint analysis, soon each room on the first floor and basement levels will depict a colorful timeline of its many past occupants. The color of the rooms can now be seen and experienced as they were through the eyes of those viewing them in their era. This museum is a hands-on introduction to the events and people that helped shape this nation&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Throughout these phases, the house/museum is always open for tours, events, and exhibits.</p><br>
<p>The Washington Historic District in Washington, Kentucky was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970, and its borders were increased in 1976. The buildings of Washington range from simple log cabins to late Georgian and early Federal styles constructed of home burned brick laid in Flemish Bond. Many houses have double doors at the entrance and a reeded roll length wise under a four light transom.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The significant architecture of Washington covers the period 1765-1850. Taking into account the time lag between architectural styles fashionable on the Atlantic seaboard and in the frontier, the lack of refined, period examples within the town that can be found elsewhere in the state becomes understandable. Eighteen buildings were earmarked within the boundaries of the original historic district (approved January 21, 1970). They included the most important buildings historically and architecturally, for example:</p><br>
<p>The Paxton Inn (c. 1810), a brick three-story Federal style example of an early Kentucky public inn</p><br>
<p>Albert Sidney Johnston House, representative of simple early frame domestic buildings in Kentucky, is reputed to be the birthplace and childhood home of Confederate States of America Army General, Albert Sidney Johnston</p><br>
<p>Federal Hill (1800), is a two-story brick house with transitional details of Georgian and Federal styles built by Colonel Thomas Marshall and completed by his son. Another son, John Marshall, became the Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court (1801-1835).</p><br>
<p>Marshall Key House (1807), a two-story brick house, has a Federal style main body with a Georgian style doorway. The builder was Colonel Marshall Key, who moved to Kentucky in 1795.</p><br>
<p>Arthur Fox House (also Fox-Bickley House, c. 1785), a two-story frame and nogging clapboarded structure, was built by one of the original trustees of Washington.</p><br>
<p>The rich variety of buildings include a "flat-boat house", the only surviving example of this unique kind of structure, a bank, an inn, row buildings, churches, a school building, a group of log, frame, brick, and stone homes along with several types of outbuildings.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>The founding of Washington dates back to May 1775, when a group of ten men arrived from farther east in Virginia to survey and improve lands. One of the men, Jonathan Higgs, built a cabin near the present east end of York Street in Washington. The most influential of the group was Simon Kenton, who cleared about an acre of land at a site about 1.5 miles from Washington.</p><br>
<p>In 1785, Simon Kenton sold 700 acres to two Virginians, Arthur Fox and William Wood, who decided to lay out a one-mile square grid-iron site, sell lots, and turn a profit. The town was named "Washington" with the intention that it might become the national capital and was the first town in America to be so named.</p><br>
<p>Washington&#39;s early commercial success stemmed from its location. Those settlers who landed at Limestone and who wished to travel to the Kentucky interior had to negotiate a steep hill to the plateau three and one-half miles away where Washington stands. This required a full day to drive a heavily loaded wagon the short distance and therefore most elected to stop overnight at the town before continuing the inland journey.</p><br>
<h2>High period</h2><br>
<p>Washington was once the second largest town in Kentucky as reported by the first federal census of 1790 which lists four hundred sixty-two residents living in one hundred nineteen houses. It became the county seat in 1788 when Mason County was formed</p><br>
<p>By 1794, when the Mason County Courthouse was built, the town had already become one of the most dominant in the state. The resulting influx of lawyers and others concerned with court activities led to the establishment of a number of taverns and inns. The Washington post office was designated as the mail distribution center for the entire Northwest Territory including the present states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin.</p><br>
<h2>Decline</h2><br>
<p>After the start of the 19th century, Washington experienced a slow decline. One traveler passing through on November 25, 1818, described the town as being "laid out on a large plan but not thriving". Disaster struck in April 1825, when a fire destroyed thirteen buildings including two taverns.</p><br>
<p>A second misfortune occurred in 1820 when the Lexington and Ohio Railroad was laid out from Lexington to the Ohio River bypassing Washington, a serious blow to the future economy of the town. Outbreaks of cholera in 1832 and 1833 and significantly reduced the population. The nearby town of Maysville, however, experienced rapid development between 1830 and 1850, surpassing the growth of Washington. The inevitable happened in 1847 with the decision to transfer the county seat from Washington to Maysville.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological report</h2><br>
<p>An archaeological survey was completed during the summer of 1975. The physical survey and historical research of others led to the discovery of additional historic sites and artifacts both inside and outside of the original historic district boundary.</p><br>
<p>The surface collection of artifacts within the township provided a good chronological overview of the areas cultural remains and their development. A total of 1,858 artifacts were recovered from the surface, and represent occupational periods from c. 1785 through more recent times. Pearlware, ironstone, and various heavy stoneware - including American blue on grey - were collected throughout the township. Recovered glass artifacts included basal fragments of bottles bearing pre-1860 pontil scars, dark olive or "black" glass, canning jar fragments, and a considerable amount of the sun-colored amethyst glass characteristic of the period 1880-1914. Metallic artifacts include hand-wrought pieces, small iron chains, a boot scraper, and 19th century building hardware.</p><br>
<p>The Rushmore Memorial Library, also known as the Rushmore Memorial Building, is located at the junction of NY 32 and Weygant Hill Road in Highland Mills, New York, United States. It is a small Arts and Crafts-style stone building constructed in the 1920s with a donation from Charles E. Rushmore, a local resident for whom Mount Rushmore is also named.</p><br>
<p>It served as the Town of Woodbury public library until the mid-1980s, when a larger modern library was built. Today it is the headquarters of the town historical society. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008, after two previous efforts in the 1980s failed.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The library is a one-story three-by-three-bay structure faced in locally-quarried uncoursed puddingstone and topped with a Mission-style ceramic-tiled hipped roof that overhangs the building on all sides and covers the front steps as well. A stone chimney, similar to the wall, rises from the west side. A wheelchair ramp leads into a rear entrance; a short set of stairs to the front.</p><br>
<p>Inside, there is one single room with a large stone chimney breast and fireplace and mahogany bookshelves. Other original wooden trim and furnishing remains. There is a bronze memorial plaque with a poem by Jane Rushmore Patterson, Rushmore&#39;s daughter. The basement is fully excavated.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Woodbury&#39;s public library began in the years following World War I as a small collection of books kept first on a shelf at the local drugstore and later moved to a grocery store and the telephone company office as it got larger. Jane Patterson encouraged her parents to help build a permanent home for the library, and they bought the land and put up the money to build it. The deed stipulated that the building and property remain in use as a library or some related function, or it would revert to the Rushmore family.</p><br>
<p>Howard Gregory, a young local war veteran and architect whose father&#39;s firm had built the Rushmore home in 1906, designed the library and oversaw its construction throughout 1924. One of his early renderings is displayed in the building today. His use of uncut stone was in keeping with both the principles of the American Arts and Crafts movement and other nearby rustic stone architecture, such as the gatehouse at the F.F. Proctor estate a few miles away and the structures built for Harriman and Bear Mountain state parks and the new gated community of Tuxedo Park.</p><br>
<p>Charles Rushmore died in 1931, and eight years later the library would be formally renamed in his memory. At the same time it was deeded to what was then the Highland Mills Common School District. In 1951, that district was one of several merged into the new Monroe-Woodbury Central School District. The library remained under the new district&#39;s control for five years, until in 1956 the school district transferred it back to the town. It became Rushmore Memorial Public Library, the Highland Mills branch of the town library, in 1958. It was a charter member of the regional Ramapo-Catskill Library System when that was established the next year.</p><br>
<p>In 1966, all volunteer services at the library were ended. The wheelchair ramp was added in 1970, with a window converted to a door in the process. Fifteen years later, in 1985, the town built a newer, larger library facility, and it briefly considered whether to keep the original building or not. It was decided that the historical society would keep collections related to local history there.</p><br>
<p>At that time, the historical society had tried twice to get the library listed on the National Register, but both applications failed. In 2008, with help from New York&#39;s Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, they were successful.</p><br>
<p>The William "Bill" Dannelly Reservoir is a reservoir created by Millers Ferry Lock and Dam on the Alabama River in Dallas County and Wilcox County in Alabama. It covers 27 square miles and has approximately 500 mi of shoreline. It was named for William "Bill" Dannelly, a former Wilcox County probate judge credited with leading the modernization of the Alabama and Coosa Rivers.</p><br>
<p>The Dannelly Reservoir is notable as a regional fishing ground and recreational area. Fish species present include white crappie, striped bass, hybrid striped bass, blue catfish, and channel catfish. Several parks border the lake. Those with developed camping include Roland Cooper State Park, Chilatchee Creek Campground, and Millers Ferry Campground. Primitive camping only is available at Six Mile Creek Park, Elm Bluff Park, Portland Landing, and Bridgeport Landing. Prairie Bluff and the Liddell Archeological Site are two historic sites adjacent to the lake.</p><br>
<p>Roma Courthouse is a heritage-listed courthouse at 141 McDowall Street, Roma, Maranoa Region, Queensland, Australia. Constructed in 1901, the heritage-listed courthouse is a rendered masonry building, which is still in use today. Predominately influenced by the Federation free style, it is considered a stunning example of Federation colonial architecture at its best. It is also known as Roma Court House and Roma Police Buildings. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 August 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Roma Courthouse is a rendered masonry building located on a triangular block facing McDowall Street. It was constructed between 1900 and 1901 and was designed by architect John Smith Murdoch, the Second Assistant Architect of the Queensland Works Department. The Police Buildings were completed in 1919 as the Roma police station, barracks, offices and cell block, servicing the Roma district. The Roma Police Buildings are simple single-storeyed timber buildings adjacent to the Roma Courthouse, also facing McDowall street.</p><br>
<p>Roma was the principal town of the Mount Abundance district, which was established as a pastoral and agricultural region after exploration by Thomas Mitchell, New South Wales Surveyor General in 1846. It was originally settled by squatters, who established it as primarily a sheep grazing area. The township of Roma was proclaimed in September 1862, the first town formed in Queensland after separation in 1859. Roma was named after Lady Bowen, wife of the first Governor of Queensland, Sir George Ferguson Bowen. She was the daughter of a Governor of the Ionian Islands and her maiden name was Countess Diamantina Georgina di Roma. Surveyor McDowall laid out the town reserving a section for public buildings bounded by Bungil, Charles, McDowall and Gregory streets. The first land sales were held in September 1863. The town of Roma was declared a municipality, the Borough of Roma, in 1867. The growth in Roma&#39;s economy and population was matched by similar development in the administration of law and order in the town.</p><br>
<p>Over 145 courthouses were constructed in Queensland between separation in 1859 and 1900. There was considerable variation in the types and size of structures, ranging from the slab construction in Cunnamulla in 1869 to the masonry of the Supreme Court in Rockhampton in 1887. In the first course of construction, between 1860 and 1874, the government established 40 courthouses in the initial establishment phase of townships. Between 1875 and 1890 the growth in Queensland&#39;s economy and population continued and the corresponding construction of courthouses proceeded in newly formed townships. The marked difference in this second phase in development was the significant improvement in the quality of the built form. This period also saw the replacement of the temporary constructions of the earlier period. The 1890s saw a decrease in the building of courthouses; an average of two buildings per year were completed in the ten years to federation.</p><br>
<h3>Roma Courthouse</h3><br>
<p>In 1865, a reserve for court and police purposes was selected in Roma, on the hill west of the town centre. This reserve was bounded by McDowall, May (now Soutter), Queen and Albert Streets. The latter street once connected Albert and Spencer Streets. It was on this site that the first Roma courthouse was completed in 1866. From 1863 local magistrates had conducted court hearings in rented premises. The first courthouse faced Albert Street, and was a small timber building, extended in 1884 to accommodate sittings of the Supreme Court in circuit. The location of the courthoue influenced the town&#39;s continued development, resulting in the area becoming known as the West End.</p><br>
<p>This first courthouse was the site of the first meeting of the Roma Town Council on 10 August 1867. A simple concrete monument mounted with a granite tablet and plaque, commemorating this event, is located at the front of the Police Station in McDowall Street. It was erected during centenary celebrations in 1967 and was unveiled by Gwydir Laycock, former chairman of the Bungil Shire Council.</p><br>
<p>Roma flourished with the advent of the railway in the 1880s, ensuring the efficient transportation of stock and produce to the coastal ports. The Great Artesian Basin was tapped in Queensland in the late 1880s and early 1890s, securing an alternate water supply for cattle and sheep. Consistent with the growth of the Maronoa district was the increasing demand for justice administration. During this period cases heard in the various courts held at Roma increased from approximately 210 in 1892 to 280 in 1898.</p><br>
<p>The trial in 1872 of Harry Redford (also known as Captain Starlight) was held in the Roma Courthouse. Redford was accused of stealing 1,000 head of cattle from Bowen Downs Station near Longreach in Queensland and driving them to South Australia. Explorers Burke and Wills had died attempting to cross the same terrain nine years earlier. He was tried and acquitted in February 1873.</p><br>
<p>Roma&#39;s 1866 courthouse was replaced in 1901 with a new building erected a little to the east, on a new reserve for court purposes gazetted in 1900. The courthouse reserve was created by combining a market reserve, at the corner of McDowall and Queen Streets, with part of the Albert Street road reserve which had been incorporated with the police reserve in 1883.</p><br>
<p>The Roma Courthouse was designed by John Smith Murdoch who at the time was the Second Assistant Architect, responsible for the designing and drafting staff, of the Queensland Department of Public Works. Murdoch arrived in Australia from Scotland, originally working in Melbourne. He began working for the Queensland Department of Public Works in the mid 1880s, leaving temporarily to practice privately with John Hall and Sons, before returning in the mid 1890s. Murdoch later went on to become the first Australian Government Architect in 1919.</p><br>
<p>The original 1899 design for the new courthouse was to be of timber, based on a H-shaped design. However, the township of Roma demanded a courthouse that reflected the Western Districts&#39; growth in population, economic importance and political power. The community thought a grand architectural gesture more appropriate than the planned building. The plans were altered to accommodate brick, thought to be more substantial and lasting. The laying of the foundation stone was performed in a ceremony by the Mayor of Roma, Alderman John McEwan Hunter on 4 September 1900. The building was completed in December 1901 for a cost of £5964.</p><br>
<p>The new courthouse was built alongside the old, allowing the legal and police activities to continue during construction. After the 1866 building was vacated by the court in 1902, it was converted to constables quarters and was finally removed from the site in 1931.</p><br>
<p>The major consideration in the design and planning of the 1900-1901 courthouse was the allowance for the correct movement of people in the building and the separation of the different groups involved in the judicial process. The verandahs and arcades allowed for specific delineated entrances to the buildings. Jurors and barristers entered the courthouse by an alternative route to the public on their way to the public spaces. Judges and the Attorney-General had a private entrance and lobby via the rear verandah. The Police Magistrate and barristers could also access their rooms from this verandah. The prisoners would be brought directly from the police cells to the court room through the side arcade door. The separate female and male witness rooms, were located at the front of the courthouse to avoid hearing previous evidence before making their testimony.</p><br>
<p>With consideration for the harsh western climate a detailed and technical ventilation system was constructed in the Roma Courthouse. Conventional cast iron wall ventilators were combined with Tobin&#39;s Tubes to carry cool air from beneath the building into the court room. Boyles roof ventilation using an air pump ventilator, connected by an iron shaft to a bell mouth over a ceiling ventilator, extracted the hot air from the building. Fireplaces were incorporated to provide heating in the winter.</p><br>
<p>In May 1931 trees were planted to beautify the Roma Courthouse grounds as part of the Unemployment Relief Scheme. In January 1934 five bottle trees, Kurrajong and other indigenous trees were added to the grounds. The bottle trees at the front of the building replaced the original picket fence and match the trees planted as part of Heroes Avenue to serve as a memorial to the Roma residents who enlisted in the First World War. It is not clear whether these trees were planted to serve a commemorative function.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the court room was extensively altered in the 1960s with the addition of a false ceiling and updating of the fixtures and the furniture. The new ceiling effectively blocked the clerestory windows and covered the domed roof, altering the patterns of light and ventilation. It is probable that the original masonry parapets on the rear of the buildings were removed during the recladding of the roof during these alterations. In 1973, alterations to the main court room to accommodate the clerk of court in the front section of the building, including the former witness rooms, was carried out. Air conditioning was added in 1978.</p><br>
<h3>Roma Police Buildings</h3><br>
<p>The Police Buildings, which are single-storeyed timber structures, were erected in 1919. They comprise offices and barracks, addressing McDowall Street, and a cell block at the rear of the Police Reserve.</p><br>
<p>A lock up was the first purpose built police building in Roma, completed during the construction of the first courthouse in 1866. In 1868, a gaol servicing the wider region, was located on a separate reserve at the corner of Souter and McDowall Streets, adjacent to the courthouse and lock up. The gaol was closed in 1923 and the site is now occupied by three police residences.</p><br>
<p>The first Roma police station was built in 1885 and was located to the north of the 1866 courthouse, facing Albert Street. The building provided both accommodation for police and office space for official duties. Prior to the completion of the station, police were accommodated in timber huts, private lodgings or a choice of Roma&#39;s many public establishments. The 1885 police station was replaced in 1919 with a new police station and barracks facing McDowall street, on the site of the 1866 courthouse. At this time, the first police station was converted to Senior Sergeants quarters and removed or demolished in 1957.</p><br>
<p>The 1919 Police Station was designed by the office of the Queensland Government Architect. It was a modified E-shape, that incorporated climatic design considerations and classical architecture features. A single-storeyed structure, the design separates the official police duties from the residential accommodation. A covered way and garden acts to both link and separate the two buildings and their relative functions. The police barracks are housed in the western building with the offices of the senior sergeant and the sub inspector housed in the eastern building. The design of the barracks indicates the improvement of living conditions for members of the force in comparison with the rudimentary conditions of the late 19th century and early 20th century. It incorporates dormitory, a billiard room, kitchen and cook&#39;s room and a generous dining area on the rear verandah. The use of latticework on the rear verandah ventilated the dining space. The preference for single men as constables is indicated by the dormitory style quarters.</p><br>
<p>During 1962 there were major additions, alterations and spatial reconfiguration of the Police Buildings. New concrete stumps and weatherboards were installed and a new store was added to the western back corner of the McDowall Street building. The conversion of the police barracks to act only as a police station occurred at this time, the new arrangement of the spaces in the building was associated with this change. New toilets were installed in 1970; a covered work bay was added in 1978; and a tea room in 1979.</p><br>
<p>A cell block consisting of four cells, each 12 ft by 8 ft facing a verandah, was constructed at the same time as the 1919 police station. This building was used for remand of prisoners before trial or awaiting transfer to larger correctional facilities. In 1962, two new cells were added to the building, providing an extra female cell and a female toilet. In the western section of the building, two cells were converted to a charge room and records room; and a male toilet. In 1998 this building was repositioned on the police reserve to accommodate the construction of a new watch house.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>Roma Courthouse</h3><br>
<p>Roma Courthouse is located on a triangular block bounded by McDowall and Queen Streets and the Police Reserve. The building faces south toward McDowall Street and is aligned to this street. It is a single- storeyed rendered masonry building designed in a style that is influenced by Federation Free Style. Together with the adjoining police buildings, it forms a precinct of justice administration.</p><br>
<p>The H-shaped plan incorporates the entrance facade, the court room which dominates the form of the building and rear wings. The symmetrical form of the entrance facade incorporates a prominent central curved vestibule, with four approach steps. The vestibule has four columns, two pilasters and entablature of the Ionic order. The main entrance is double doors with 4 panels and is crowned by a Queensland coat of arms. Ornate notice boards are located either side of the door. The vestibule is flanked on the east and west sides by rooms featuring double hung windows, with semi-circular fanlights, facing McDowall street. The entablature is continued around the front facade of the building. The entablature, string courses and window heads are cement rendered with a ruled render surface continued throughout externally.</p><br>
<p>Three clerestory windows are situated above the arcades either side of the building. Each window has five panes and a timber louvred panel. Three air conditioning units are located on the western arcade roof. Paired narrow double-hung windows face south from the wings. The rear verandah is partially enclosed with fibro cladding and louvred and aluminium frame windows. The verandah provides access to the office spaces.</p><br>
<p>Arcades provide additional entrance points to the court room, the front rooms and the symmetrical east and west wings. The east side wing comprises a lobby area, jury room and crown solicitors office. The west side wing comprises a lobby area, and the offices of the court of petty sessions and the police magistrate. Behind the court room, the Judges chamber and the office of the Attorney General are located. No room is larger than the central courtroom. The 1973 remodelling of the court room space created a clerk of the court public office that occupies the front section of the building. The main court room has a suspened ceiling and all original furniture has been replaced. The interior retains original decorative architraves, and other original details such as joinery and fireplaces are evident in some areas.</p><br>
<p>The rolled galvanised iron roof has five tall chimneys and seven roof ventilators of varied size. The court room roof is raised above both the roof of the rear and front sections. The separate flat arcade roofing at the half elevation maintains access for light and ventilation through the clerestory windows. The roof is a gable hipped, with ventilator louvres in the gablets and corresponding smaller gablets cap the east and west wings. A small forward projecting gablet proclaims the arched entrance to the rear verandah.</p><br>
<p>A masonry toilet block is located at the rear of the building. Five bottle trees (Brachychiton rupestris), Kurrajong (Brachychiton populensis) and other indigenous trees are located in the courthouse grounds. A simple flagpole is centrally located in front of the main entrance to the building.</p><br>
<h3>Police Buildings</h3><br>
<p>The Police Buildings are located in the Police Reserve on McDowall street adjacent to the west of the Roma Courthouse. The Police Buildings comprise a timber police station and a timber cell block/lock up. The police station is a combination of two separate single-storeyed timber buildings with corrugated iron roofing, connected by a covered way. The Police Station faces south and is aligned to McDowall Street. The cell block is located at the rear of the Police Station and the 1998 watch house.</p><br>
<p>A modified E-shape plan incorporates two buildings connected by a covered way. The western building is weatherboard clad with a hipped corrugated iron roof. A verandah runs the breadth of the building and has been enclosed at each end creating two rooms which are entered from the verandah. The verandah has paired verandah posts and timber rail balustrade. Four timber approach steps are off centre and directly access the main entrance door to the police station. A faceted bay window protrudes onto the verandah space. An eyelid dormer window with four small fixed casements is located above the bay window. A decorative fleche is centred on the roof ridge, aligned with the dormer and bay windows.</p><br>
<p>The eastern, smaller building, is asymmetrical. Seven timber approach steps, with a simple iron balustrade led to a forward projecting gabled porch. Paired aluminium doors provide entrance to the screened verandah. The front verandah has paired verandah posts rising from weatherboard piers. The main pyramidal roof is extended over the verandah. A decorative fleche matching the western building is centrally located on the roof.</p><br>
<p>Casement windows with simple timber supported hoods are located on the western and eastern faces of both buildings. The covered way has five timber approach steps, entered via the garden area between the two buildings. This entrance provides access to the rear of both buildings.</p><br>
<p>The cell block/lock up is a simple weatherboard clad building with corrugated iron roof. A verandah is located along the south eastern face of the building with paired verandah posts that match those of the police station. The building is raised on timber stumps and is entered via four timber steps located at the south western end of the building. Three sets of louvres are located in the front verandah enclosure. Four south-western and 6 north-western facing hopper windows indicate the internal office space at the south western end of the building. Six small high set windows, with iron bars, are located on the eastern face of the building indicating the former cells.</p><br>
<p>Located at the former gate entrance of the Police buildings, is a simple concrete monument mounted with a granite tablet and plaque. It reads "This plaque commemorates the first meeting of the Roma Town Council, 10 August 1867, Thomas McEwan, Mayor".</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Roma Courthouse and Police Buildings was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 August 1998 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Roma Courthouse was constructed in 1900-1901 and the Police Buildings in 1919. The Roma Courthouse and Police Buildings reflect the development of Roma, a pastoral service town, and the establishment of government administration for the prosperous surrounding district, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The large masonry form of the Roma Courthuse is indicative of the relevant importance of Roma in relation to other towns in western Queensland. The Police Buildings reflect the multi-functional use of the police reserve to accommodate residences, official duties and remand facilities.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Roma Courthouse and Police Buildings are good examples of Queensland Public Works courthouse and police buildings design in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Roma Courthouse and Police Buildings are of considerable aesthetic significance due to their landmark qualities and for their high degree of design and workmanship.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The site of Roma Courthouse and Police Buildings is significant for a long association with law and order and the dispensing of justice in Roma since 1866. The Roma Courthouse and Police Buildings are an important community focus in the township of Roma, connecting the local and district community to governance in the Maronoa District of south western Queensland. The monument commemorating the first town council is evidence of the importance of this site to the community.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Roma Courthouse has a strong association with important architect John Smith Murdoch, as an example of the development of his work.</p><br>
<p>Alahan Monastery  is a complex of fifth century buildings located in the mountains of Isauria in southern Asia Minor . Located at an altitude of 4,000 ft, it stands 3,000 ft over the Calycadnus valley</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction took place during two periods. The first occurred in the mid-fifth century under Emperor Leo I, while the second occurred in the last quarter of the fifth century under Emperor Zeno. The complex contains two churches, rock-cut chambers, a baptistery, living quarters, and many other spaces, like a forecourt, necropolis, bathhouse, and lower terrace. There is debate about the monastery’s original purpose, but it nonetheless became a communal living space for monks and those seeking pilgrimage until the seventh century CE, at which point it became abandoned. Upon assuming power, Emperor Zeno, an Isaurian, took over construction and likely funded the project. He often returned to his homeland as a means of retreat, which could suggest his interest in completing the project.</p><br>
<p>The complex is an example of expert Isaurian stonemasonry. Alahan is a key site in the history of early Byzantine architecture, half a century before the great achievements of Anicia Juliana and Justinian in Constantinople.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<h3>Cave Church</h3><br>
<p>At the western end of the site there is a large naturally formed cave about 10 m (32.8 ft) high. It used to contain many large rooms arranged on three floors, each just over 2 m high, though now it is almost completely empty. Inside the cave complex there is a church, which is about 7.5 by 7.7 m (24.5 by 25 ft) in size. The cave church is believed to be the first of the monastery’s churches to be built.</p><br>
<h3>West Church</h3><br>
<p>The West Church, referred to by Gough as the “Church of the Evangelists,” is the largest of all the churches in the monastery, with an overall measurement of 36 by 16 m (118 by 52.5 ft). The church has a basilica form with three rows - a central nave and two side aisles. It was built after the cave church, but before the East Church. It is the least preserved of all three churches and early visitors to the site did not identify it as a church, but as a gateway to the site. According to Gough, the provision of two proves that it was a church, and decorations found on its adorned gateway make reference to Evangelism, supporting Gough’s given name for the building.</p><br>
<p>Gough’s excavation discovered decorations of sculpted masonry and rich mosaics, which suggests that the church had wealthy patronage during its time.</p><br>
<p>The rugged terrain of the mountains meant that much of the cliff side had to be cut back during building. Even then, the plan of the church was adapted to fit the lay of the land. As a result, it doesn’t resemble the perfect east/west orientation that was typical of churches at the time.</p><br>
<h3>East Church</h3><br>
<p>The East Church, located on the far eastern side of the monastery, is the best preserved of all the churches. It is considerably smaller than the West Church, measuring 23 by 15 m (75.5 by 49 ft) in size. It has a basilica design with a tower superimposed over the east section of the nave. Gough believes that the roof was likely not made of stone, as practically none were found among the rubble of his excavation. Rather, he suggests that it was likely made of a light timber tiles.</p><br>
<p>This church is less decorated than the other two because it was only approached from within the monastery complex. It contains only slight adornments on the entrance.</p><br>
<h3>Colonnaded Walkway</h3><br>
<p>A colonnaded walkway, originally covered, connects the West and the East Churches. The walkway also provided access to other buildings in the complex, like the baptistery and living quarters. It also restricted access to the site from the hillside below, thanks to a high retaining wall on its south side. No evidence exists to suggest the type of roof that covered the walkway.</p><br>
<h3>Baptistery</h3><br>
<p>A twin-apsed baptistery with two aisles, oriented east-west, with an entrance to the south through the north wall of the colonnaded walkway. The discovery of a cruciform-shaped baptismal pool confirms that the building was used as a baptistery. It is believed that it was built as the community at Alahan expanded, as a font located in the cave church likely served as the original baptistery. There is painting present inside the baptistery that is not in the east church, perhaps because the painters were no longer present when the east church was finished. This suggests that there was a considerable lapse in time between the construction of each building. There is not enough evidence to suggest conclusively what type of roof covered the building.</p><br>
<h3>Living Quarters</h3><br>
<p>As the community grew, the living quarters in the cave complex were no longer sufficiently sized. Additional living quarters were built between the west church and the baptistery with four separate groups of rooms. These quarters could be entered through the cave complex and the colonnaded walkway.</p><br>
<h3>Other spaces</h3><br>
<p>The complex has many other spaces. These include a forecourt, located outside the east church and north of the colonnaded walkway; a necropolis just west of the forecourt; tombs of Tarasis the Elder and Younger, carved into the cliff side next to the necropolis; a spring complex that directed water around and under buildings, both to keep them dry and to provide a reliable water source to the community; a bath house, located far east, past the east church; and a lower terrace in the valley that was used for agriculture.</p><br>
<h2>Visitors</h2><br>
<p>The Ottoman traveler, Evliya Çelebi, visited the monastery in 1671-72 and his account recorded his amazement along with his recommendation that, "This is something that deserves a visit." The first European visitor Count Leon de Laborde who arrived in 1826 was enthusiastic but inaccurate in his written accounts of the monastery. This was followed by the English cleric, A.C. Headlam, who wrote an exhaustive article which gives meticulous detail to the monastic complex as well as the church located at the east end. Headlam postulated that Alahan may be a known as the Byzantine monastery Apadna, which was restored during Justinians reign, however, Michael Gough states Alahan shows no signs of restoration to support this premise.</p><br>
<h2>World Heritage Status</h2><br>
<p>This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on February 25, 2000 in the Cultural category.</p><br>
<p>Bowen Courthouse is a heritage-listed courthouse at 30 Williams Street , Bowen, Whitsunday Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by George St Paul Connolly of the Colonial Architect&#39;s Office and built in 1880 by Southall & Tracey. It is also known as Bowen Court House. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was completed in 1881 in the Classical Revival style. It is a two-storey building and was constructed in rendered brick with a corrugated iron roof.</p><br>
<p>It is still in use today and contains most of the original furniture and features.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Bowen Court House is a substantial masonry building in Classical Revival style, prominently located on the corner of Herbert and Williams Streets, Bowen. It was built in 1880 to house the Northern Supreme Court, the Bowen Post Office and Government Offices. Since 1899 it has functioned as a District and Magistrates court.</p><br>
<p>In 1859 prior to the separation of Queensland, the Government of New South Wales commissioned Captain H.D. Sinclair to find a suitable site for a port to support the pastoral development of the Kennedy district. He selected a place on Port Denison, an inlet of the Coral Sea, although Queensland became a separate colony before settlement took place there. The new township, designated a Port of Entry, was formally established on 12 April 1861 and named after Sir George Ferguson Bowen, first Governor of Queensland. The first pastoral run in the area, Strathmore, was taken up in the same year by the Cunningham family who were quickly followed by other graziers eager to establish grazing properties. A Police Magistrate was appointed to serve Bowen in late 1860 and a temporary courthouse was constructed. Bowen soon became a major administrative and commercial centre and was declared a municipality (the Borough of Bowen) on 17 March 1863 in the courthouse. This was merely a small slab hut without a verandah and which was not weather proof. After local agitation, tenders for a Court House were called in October 1864, though a building was not constructed. Two other northern ports were established in 1864, at Cardwell and Townsville.</p><br>
<p>In Nov 1865, Bowen became a District Court area. Judge Joseph Innes, later to become Attorney General and Judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales, was appointed as Bowen&#39;s first District Court Judge. He arrived in early 1866 and held court in the Municipal Chambers. Because of the financial crisis taking place in Queensland in 1866, the planned courthouse did not go forward and in early 1867, the judge made unauthorised changes to the court house to improve conditions.</p><br>
<p>In 1874, recognising the rapid development of North Queensland, due largely to the discovery of gold, the Supreme Court Act increased the number of judges in Queensland to 4, of which 1 was to reside in Bowen as "the Northern Judge". The Bowen Supreme Court formally opened before His Honour Mr Justice Edmund Sheppard on 21 Oct 1874. The Supreme Court first sat in Townsville on 12 Feb 1875, Bowen 26 Feb 1875, and Cooktown 29 May 1876.</p><br>
<p>Queensland developed as a series of ports linked to inland resources. Bowen was disadvantaged, despite its excellent harbour, because it was located on a flood plain and the Burdekin River flooded regularly, cutting off the port from the hinterland for extended periods. Bowen&#39;s importance decreased in the 1870s following the success of Townsville, which had better access routes to pastoral mining and centres, particularly the major goldfields at Charters Towers and the Palmer River.</p><br>
<p>By May 1877, all the government buildings in Bowen had become dilapidated and it was recommended that it would be more economic in the long term, allowing for the tropical climate, to construct new buildings in masonry. The site selected for the new court was considered the best in town and plans were completed by July 1879. Presumably for reasons of economy, the new building was to house several different functions in different parts of the building. A large court room occupied the centre of the building, rising to its full height The south wing was occupied by the Post Master, the ground floor containing the office, kitchen and servant&#39;s room, and the upper floor sitting and bedrooms. The lower floor of the north wing was designed to house officials of the Supreme Court, and the upper floor was shared by the Survey and Roads offices, with bedrooms for Court Officials.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed in the Colonial Architect&#39;s office during the time when FDG Stanley was the Colonial Architect. Within the office, the design of the building is attributed to GS Connolly, who later became Colonial Architect himself. Both architects excelled in the classical revival style chosen, which was thought well suited to public buildings intended to convey a sense of stability and dignity, particularly a court which represented the power of the law. The building is on a corner site and designed so that the major street elevations each represented a separate function housed within the building; that to Herbert Street representing the Court and that to Williams Street the Post Office. The two elevations are linked stylistically by the use of arcades.</p><br>
<p>The tender of builders Southall and Tracey for £8023 was accepted and work was completed by July 1881. The old court buildings were sold in 1884. Soon after this, however, the pre-eminence of Townsville as the major town in North Queensland was recognised in the 1889 the Supreme Court Bill which provided for the appointment of a second northern judge and the relocation of the Northern Supreme Court to Townsville. This occurred on 1 December 1899, although Townsville did not have a purpose-designed court house. Since this time the Bowen Court House has functioned as a District and Magistrate&#39;s Court.</p><br>
<p>The building remained substantially unchanged for many years, apart from some minor additions and alterations. A verandah was added to the north-west elevation in 1913, and the balustrades and posts have been altered.</p><br>
<p>It underwent a $4 million refurbishment in November 2004. The work included the installation of an additional courtroom, closed-circuit television, a lift and videoconferencing technology. The refurbishments were completed in late 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Bowen Court House is a two storey classical revival building constructed of rendered brick, with a corrugated galvanised iron roof. It is located on the corner of Williams and Herbert Street, the main street of Bowen, and addresses both streets with major facades.</p><br>
<p>The building is "H" shaped in plan, with a small single story projection to the east corner which was originally a kitchen and bedroom. The wings are now occupied by offices and the court room is in the centre section, rising through both stories with a mezzanine level public gallery at the south east end.</p><br>
<p>The walls of the court room are rendered and scored up to a moulded plaster dado, and have painted brickwork above. The ceiling is lined with beaded tongue and groove boards divided by exposed stop-chamfered beams, with turned knobs at the intersections. The space has 4 pane, horizontally pivoting windows to the upper section and large double hung windows with arched heads in the lower section. Centred on each long side of the court are pairs of four-panel entry doors. The furniture of the court room includes the bench, jury benches, press box and dock all constructed from beaded tongue and groove boarding, and a silky oak witness stand.</p><br>
<p>The upper level offices have ripple iron ceilings, moulded timber architraves and chimney pieces. The internal doors are four-panelled with toplights and glazed french doors with toplights open onto the verandahs. There is a timber staircase with turned balusters in the north-west block, and a similar new stair in the south-east block. Ceilings in the lower level are fibrous plaster or masonite with cover strips.</p><br>
<p>The south-east verandah has masonry arches, infilled with cast iron panels, and a timber floor. The north-west verandah is timber, with a timber balustrade and lattice, and weatherboard toilet rooms at the northern corner.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Bowen Court House has been listed by the National Trust of Queensland and the Australian Heritage Commission.</p><br>
<p>Bowen Court House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Bowen Court House is important in demonstrating the early prominence of Bowen, being considerably more grand than other early courts at Townsville and Charters Towers; both of which towns were to eclipse Bowen. As the first Supreme Court outside Brisbane, it also illustrates the way in which a legal system was established and government services provided in the developing north of the colony. The inclusion of a second function as a Post Office indicates both the need for economy and the importance given to the role of communications services.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The court house remains substantially unchanged since completion and retains the major components of its original furniture, which is now rare.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The building is a good example of a government building of its era with offices and accommodation provided for judges and court officers and for other government officials.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Bowen Court House is an important component of the streetscape of Bowen. It is a well designed and prominent public building and an excellent example of the high quality work produced by the Colonial Architects office.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>It is associated with the life and work of GS Connolly (1847-1901) and FDG Stanley (1839-1897) of the Colonial Architects office who made a great contribution to the building of Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Lofoi  is a village in the Florina peripheral unit, Greece, located 15 km east of the city of Florina. Its name in Bulgarian is Забърдени, and in Macedonian Slavic is Забрдени . It was also known as Ζαπύρδανη  or Ζαμπύρδανη  in Greek, until it was renamed by Greek authorities in 1926.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>First mentioned in an Ottoman defter of 1481, the village, then known as Zabrdani, had eighty households and produced vines, walnuts, and honey. In Ottoman tax registers of the non-Muslim population of the wilayah Filorine from 1626–1627, the village is marked under the name Zaburdani with 62 households.</p><br>
<p>The population of the village was affiliated with the Bulgarian Exarchate church in the early 20th century. According to Dimitar Mishev, the secretary of the Exarchate, there were 344 Bulgarians in Zabrdani in 1905 and there was a Bulgarian school that functioned in the village.</p><br>
<p>The village was incorporated into Greece in 1913 after the Balkan Wars.</p><br>
<h2>Demography</h2><br>
<p>According to the 2001 census, the population of Lofi is 443 people. The population is largely from a Macedonian Slavic-speaking background.</p><br>
<p>The Nyero rock paintings are located in eastern Uganda in Kumi District, 8 km west of Kumi town, about 200 km from the capital city Kampala. The Nyero rock paintings are among the most important rock art in Uganda.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Nyero rock paintings date to before 1250 CE. They were first documented in 1913 and later described by researchers as largely of geometric nature. This type of rock art is part of a homogeneous tradition often depicted in red pigment, spreading across east, central and parts of southern Africa, matching the distribution of the Late Stone Age hunter-gatherer culture. This art is generally attributed to Batwa (Twa) hunter-gatherers who are of Pygmy origin, and are today, in Eastern Africa, only found in small groups near the Rwanda/Uganda border and eastern Congo. It is likely that Twa hunter-gatherer communities once lived in the general area of these rock art sites, probably moving on due to the arrival of the present inhabitants (Nilotic, Luo, and Bantu groups). The paintings enrich the cultural identity of the people of Iteso, Uganda, and Africa as a whole.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Nyero rock art site has six shelters (Nyero 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6). They are described below.</p><br>
<h3>Nyero 1</h3><br>
<p>This is a small rock shelter formed by a low overhanging rock perched above three supporting rocks. On the outer edge of the overhang are six sets of concentric circles in white, together with paintings in the shape of ‘acacia pods’.</p><br>
<h3>Nyero 2</h3><br>
<p>This is the main shelter, it has a 10 m high vertical rock against the back wall and an overhang formed by the breaking away of an enormous boulder estimated to weigh at least 20,000 tons. The overhang protects the paintings from direct rain and rocks in front and to the sides protect the paintings from the sun. The paintings are all done in shades of red. Concentric circles are the dominant form and more than forty different drawings were identified. There is one large ‘acacia pod’ design that has also been called a canoe. On the south-eastern side of the shelter, a narrow passage between the boulders leads to a small, dark shelter where there is a small cavity known as the ‘pocket’where the early inhabitants used to offer gifts to there gods after receiving help from them. Members of the local community still follow a tradition of placing money there either before or after receiving help from ancestral spirits.</p><br>
<h3>Nyero 3</h3><br>
<p>This shelter is at the far northern end of the Inselberg and about 8 minutes walk from Nyero 2. It is formed by a large boulder perched on top of supporting rocks with no standing room. Once inside the artificial protecting wall, visitors have to crouch low down to reach the far end where another artificial wall makes it less dangerous and allows a wide view of the land below. The paintings are white concentric circles; the outer circles are surrounded by double curved designs, between which are double lines divided into smaller compartments.</p><br>
<h3>Nyero 4</h3><br>
<p>This is a small shelter on the south-western side of the hill where there are a few traces of red finger-painted concentric circles, two conical shapes and lines.</p><br>
<h3>Nyero 5</h3><br>
<p>This is situated on the western side of the hill near to the primary school, has a red geometric motif composed of a combination of circular and linear shapes made with both a brush and a finger. Unfortunately, part of it has been damaged by natural water erosion.</p><br>
<h3>Nyero 6</h3><br>
<p>This is situated high on top of the hill and has a good view of the surrounding countryside.There are traces of red pigment forming two finger-painted outlines of small oval shapes and a slanting L-shape as well as an outlined cross with a small circle below. The painted surface is exfoliating and is open to the rain and morning sun.</p><br>
<h2>Intangible heritage</h2><br>
<p>The rock art sites are believed to have been sacred places of the gods. The red and white paintings remain valuable to the people of Teso but are also mysterious since the painters are unknown. In the past, the Iteso people of Nyero would sacrifice and pay offerings to the gods for problems of rain, misfortune, blessings and child bearing (Nyero 3). Individual and clan prayers were held on a seasonal basis. Oral history has recorded strong attachment to sites though people were stopped from praying in the 1970s by the Government at the time. Traces of smoke from sacrifices are still visible in some of the caves. The association of a sacred prayer place in the buffer zone continues to draw nearby communities to the site.</p><br>
<h2>Legal protections</h2><br>
<p>The legal framework for protecting heritage is the 1995 constitution of the Republic of Uganda, under national objectives and directive principles of state policy (XXV), which obligates the state to preserve and protect Uganda’s heritage. In addition, Article 178 (13) of the same constitution also allows the state to gazette, own and manage the national cultural sites. The constitution further, in article 189(1) schedule 6(10), mandates the central Government to manage national monuments, antiquities and archives.</p><br>
<p>The Historical Monuments Act of 1967 and amendment decree 1977 govern the protection of Cultural Property in Uganda. The Historical Monuments Act 1967 Cap 46 provides for preservation and protection of historical monuments and objects of archaeological, paleontological, ethnographical and traditional interest. Rock Art sites and properties of cultural significance identified, preserved and promoted are legally protected properties of the State. Any destruction, alteration or other offences are convicted to six months imprisonment or a fine.</p><br>
<h2>World Heritage status</h2><br>
<p>This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on 10 September 1997, in the Cultural category.</p><br>
<p>Pleasant Valley School in Bellvue, Colorado is a one-room rural schoolhouse that was built in 1879. Its foundation and walls were built of sandstone from a nearby quarry. It has a front-gabled simple roof with wide overhanging eaves.</p><br>
<p>It was converted for use as a residence for farm staff in the 1930s and 1940s, with addition of electricity, plumbing, and a new hardwood floor. The schools belfry and bell, which were at the south end of the roof, were donated to, and are located at, Bellvues Church of Christ.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>It was deemed significant "for its association with the educational history of Larimer County between the years 1879-1913, being directly influenced by the national and state educational trend of consolidation." Consolidation of students from smaller rural schools was needed to improve quality of education. It was also important "for its architectural significance as a</p><br>
<p>rare example of a stone schoolhouse in the county, while exhibiting the distinguishing characteristics of rural one-room schoolhouses."</p><br>
<p>The Orpheum Theatre, also known as New Orpheum Theatre and Orpheum Electric Building, is a performing arts center located at 528 S. Pierce Street in Sioux City, Iowa. Built in 1927 as a vaudeville and movie palace, the theatre was restored in 1999 and today is the home of the Sioux City Symphony Orchestra.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>The Sioux City Orpheum was designed by the nationally known Chicago firm of Rapp & Rapp and constructed in 1927 as part of the Orpheum Circuit. The major builder for the theatre was local Sioux City businessman, Arthur Sanford. It was one of the largest theatres in Iowa at its time and was certainly somewhat of a risk financially for Mr. Sanford, with a total construction cost of 1.75 million. This once opulent vaudeville and moving picture house boasted a large 2,650 seat, three story auditorium complete with Wurlitzer pipe organ, half circle boxes, hand carved detailing, gilded ornamentation, several crystal chandeliers and a hand painted ceiling. Throughout the years, the Orpheum was used for symphony performances, ballet and special attractions and hosted entertainers such as Fred Astaire, Tallulah Bankhead, and Katharine Hepburn.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>According to Ray Shepardson, a nationally-known theatre restoration specialist, because of the work of filmmaker George Lindblade, the project may be the most extensively documented major theatre restoration in the United States. Lindblades documentary "Puttin on the Glitz" is the latest in a long list of award-winning projects.</p><br>
<p>Over the decades, the theater suffered numerous insensitive remodels but has recently returned spectacularly to life thanks to a dedicated team of restoration expert and craftspeople. In 1982, the theater was "twinned" or cut into two small movie houses, and a wall of sheet rock was placed down the center aisle. These movie theaters operated until 1992 when for the first time in 65 years, the Orpheum went dark.</p><br>
<p>The reconstruction, overseen by Ray Shepardson, was started in 1999 with the expertise of architect Ed Storm, AIA from FEH DESIGN in Sioux City at a cost of nearly $12 million. During the renovation 3 of the original crystal chandeliers were found intact above the drop-ceiling. Their single toughest problem was reconstructing the balcony and loge boxes. It took four months and 40,000 pounds of steel to complete the reconstruction.When the theater reopened in the fall of 2001, reporter Robert Morast wrote in the Sioux Falls Argus Leader: "Basically, the Orpheum feels like an upper-class theater ripped out of an old black-and-white movie and given a Technicolor treatment. The ambiance alone is worth the price of admission."</p><br>
<p>The Orpheum Theater was publicly reopened on 15 September 2001. Recent performances have been given by Bill Cosby, Sheryl Crow, B.B. King, Bob Dylan, Olivia Newton-John, Wynton Marsalis and David Copperfield. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The United Synagogue of Hoboken is a Conservative synagogue in Hoboken, Hudson County, New Jersey, United States, located "in the heart of the gentrified part of Hoboken."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1946 The Hoboken Jewish Center and The Star of Israel Synagogue merged to form The United Synagogue of Hoboken. Originally, Moses Montefiore Synagogue had been invited to join the merger, but it declined when it learned that there would be mixed seating for religious services.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The 1915 building of the Congregation Star of Israel is among the oldest synagogue buildings in New Jersey. It was closed for two decades before being reopened in 1989. It continues in use by the congregation. A thorough external restoration was completed in 2009 with the assistance of a $280,000 matching grant from the New Jersey Historic Trust. The synagogue is listed on both the NJ Register of Historic Places and the National Register of Historic Places.United Synagogue of Hoboken added to National Register of Historic Places</p><br>
<p>by Carly September 12, 2008</p><br>
<p>Uru Uru Lake is a lake in the Oruro Department in Bolivia. It is fed by the Desaguadero River and the Jach&#39;a Jawira. It is situated at an elevation of 3,686 m, its surface area is 214 km².</p><br>
<p>The lake is formed by the flow of the Desaguadero River at its mouth into Lake Poopó, over the extensive sedimentation known as "Santo Tomás" from the small hermitage found there that was completely inundated. The formation dates to 1962. The river connects Lake Titicaca and Lake Poopó.</p><br>
<p>The lake is a tourist attraction for boating and fishing, as it contains a large number of fish.</p><br>
<p>Oruro is located very near the shore, and is an industrial mining center.</p><br>
<p>During a long drought in 2016, the lake lost almost all of its water. This was described by local media and experts as an environmental catastrophe caused by several factors, including climate change and the use of water for mining.</p><br>
<p>Annacloy River is a river in County Down, Northern Ireland, which rises in the Dromara Hills and flows into Strangford Lough.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The Ballynahinch River, flowing east through Ballynahinch, and the Carson&#39;s Dam River, flowing south through Crossgar, join at Kilmore, and the united stream is called the Annacloy River, and lower down the River Quoile, falling into the southwest angle of Strangford Lough near Downpatrick.</p><br>
<p>On the river between Masons bridge and Kilmore there are regular and continuous rapids and weirs. Between Kilmore and Annacloy the river is quieter although there are still a couple of weirs. There are at least 2 dangerous weirs between Raleagh and Rademon. Below Annacloy the river calms down to Janes Shore in Downpatrick. Canoeing is not at present permitted below Jane&#39;s Shore as entry to the Quoile Pondage National Nature Reserve is not permitted. The river is generally known as the River Quoile from Annacloy down through Downpatrick to the Barrage where it flows into Strangford Lough.</p><br>
<p>Cusher River is a river in County Armagh, Northern Ireland. It is formed by the junction, near Mountnorris, of two small streams , flows by Tandragee, and joins the River Bann one mile above Portadown.</p><br>
<p>A short distance south of Portadown is the start of the Newry Canal inland navigation. Here the canal is between two rivers: the Cusher River and the Upper River Bann. The Cusher River supplemented water to the lower part of the system. The Point of Whitecoat is where three waterways meet: the Bann, the Cusher River and the Newry Canal, the first inland canal in the British Isles.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the 19th century there were extensine flax mills, as well as flour, oat and corn meal mills on the Cusher River in the Tandragee area.</p><br>
<h2>Pollution</h2><br>
<p>In June 2008, at Tandragee, hundreds of trout and roach died after pollution was released into the Cusher River</p><br>
<p>The Orpheum Theatre in Wichita, Kansas, constructed by a group of local investors and operated by theatre mogul Karl Hobitzelle, opened on September 4, 1922, and was one of three theatres that were designed with elements of what would later become the atmospheric style of movie palace , the Indiana Theatre  and the Orpheum Theatre). In 1984, it was given to the Orpheum Performing Arts Centre, Ltd., a non-profit corporation created to the preserve, restore and utilize the theatre. Originally designed with 1,700 seats, it now seats 1,281.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The theatre was designed by architect John Eberson with the concept of creating the impression of a garden in old Andalusia. Its entire design, including that of the asbestos fire curtain, was that of a Spanish garden or courtyard. The Orpheum Wichita was an integral part of the famous Orpheum Circuit and in its heyday virtually every major star of vaudeville graced its stage, including such luminaries as Eddie Cantor and Fannie Brice.</p><br>
<p>The 42 ft high by 40 ft wide proscenium arch is the main feature of the auditorium. The sidewalls of the auditorium were accented by niches with mock tile roofs, grills and wooden lattice arches across the ceiling to create a courtyard effect. While Eberson experimented with atmospheric design at the Wichita Orpheum, the theatre lacks the fully developed effects of a true atmospheric theatre. He credited the Hoblitzelle Majestic Theatre (Houston, 1923) as the first.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Orpheum Theatre has significant associations nationally and internationally with the development of a whole new concept and style of theatre architecture. During this period, more than 17,000 acts appeared with the playbill changing three times each week.</p><br>
<h2>Closing and Rebirth</h2><br>
<p>By the time it closed in 1976 it was an adult film venue and the structure had considerably deteriorated. It reopened showing Spanish language films for a short time, but closed again in 1978. As Orpheum Theater and Office Building, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>A group of investors bought the structure in 1984, but legal entanglements kept the board from taking over until 1992. In total, the theatre remained dark for 17 years. The board chose to open the theater for events and complete renovations as money was available. As of 2011, most funding has come from private grants and donations. In 2011, the Orpheum Theatre underwent a change in leadership when longtime President Mary Eves retired in December 2010. Jennifer Wright assumed the position of President beginning in 2011 and began a new approach to programming which served to elevate the theatre&#39;s image and level of activity. In 2012, the theatre received a $1 million gift from Wichita philanthropist Jean K. Garvey.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>Restoration work on the Orpheum is being conducted by the California-based John Ash Group, a national historical preservation architecture firm. Although the building cost about $750,000 to construct in 1922, the Orpheum board estimates the total cost of renovations will require another $13 million in addition to the $4 million already invested. Areas still to be addressed include a new auditorium flooring and seats, concession stands, electrical upgrades and decorative plaster work. The theatre directors kicked-off a public fund-raising campaign in April 2011 and hope to complete work in 2013.</p><br>
<p>Wing Park Golf Course in Elgin, Illinois is the "oldest and best preserved nine-hole municipal golf course in Illinois." The course was constructed during a golf course boom in the Chicago area during first few years of the 1900s. The course was named after William H. Wing, who donated the land for a park in 1902. When the Elgin and Belvidere Electric Company was built only a few blocks away, Elgin developed the southern portion of the property to a golf course. The course was developed by Tom Bendelow, a prolific designer who laid out over six hundred golf courses. Wing Park Golf Course opened on September 5, 1908 and has been in continuous operation since. The Wing Park Golf Club was organized in 1912 to help manage the property. The course was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Golf is a sport that was brought to America by Scottish immigrants in the 1890s. It was immediately recognized as a sport of the wealthy, and moguls such as William Kissam Vanderbilt built their own courses. Charles B. Macdonald was a stockbroker who learned the sport while he attended school at the University of St Andrews in Scotland. Macdonald built the first golf course, the Onwentsia Club, in the Chicago area in Lake Forest in 1892. A year later, he built the Chicago Golf Club, the nations first 18-hole golf course. The Chicago Golf Club was a great success, and prompted the construction of several new courses; by 1900, Chicago and its suburbs boasted twenty-six courses. Golf became a sport not only for the wealthy, but also for the public. In 1895, New York City opened a course at Van Cortlandt Park, the nations first municipal course. Chicago followed suit in 1899, opening Jackson Park Golf Club to the public.</p><br>
<p>Elgin was founded in 1830s and became an important manufacturing town after the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad reached it in 1850. The Elgin National Watch Company and Gail Borden Condensed Milk factories dramatically increased the local population by providing jobs. Decreasing work hours at the turn of the century resulted in more recreational time for employees. The first golf course in Elgin was the nine-hole Elgin Country Club in 1901, a private course designed by Tom Bendelow west of the city. Bendelow designed over 600 golf courses in his career. He was a strong advocate for public golf courses, and taught course design at the college level.</p><br>
<p>Wing Park was named for William H. Wing, a decedent of the Wing family who moved to Elgin in 1846. Wing was a successful attorney and donated 121.5 acres of this estate to Elgin for use as a public park in 1902. The park officially opened to the public on August 2, 1903, and was split between land that had been used for farming and land that covered in native woods. The park remained relatively undeveloped until 1907, when the Elgin and Belvidere Electric Company extended to State Street, four blocks east of the park. Among this plans was the construction of the Wing Park Golf Course. Elgin hired Bendelow, who staked the Wing Park course in only one day, and the course was built in two months at a cost of $1,250. The course was simple, but was primarily intended to be playable to beginning golfers. The course featured parallel fairways, small greens, and incorporated the natural terrain into course design. When Wing Park Golf Course opened on September 5, 1908, Elgin became the smallest city in the country with a public golf course.</p><br>
<p>The Wing Park Golf Club was established on September 14, 1912 with eighty-eight charter members. They purchased the property across from the course entrance and built a club house the next year. The club house was an American Craftsman bungalow with a veranda facing the course. The club sold an additional 200 memberships for $25 each. By 1921, Wing Park was so successful that Elgin had to ban non-residents from playing the course on weekends. Non-residents still flocked to the field, prompting Elgin in the mid-1920s to impose a fifty cent fee to residents and a dollar fee for non-residents to further increase availability to residents. In 1926, plans were made to buy and adjacent property and convert Wing Park to an 18-hole course, but these were halted by the Great Depression. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 18, 2009. Today, it is the second-oldest extant golf course in Illinois (next to Jackson Park), and the oldest to retain its original conformation.</p><br>
<p>All holes were named in the early days of the golf course.</p><br>
<p>The Balch Hotel is a historic commercial lodging building in Dufur, Oregon, United States. It was built in 1907 by Charles Balch, a local land owner and businessman. The hotel has changed hands a number of times over the years, but it has remained in continuous use since it was constructed. Today, the Balch Hotel is an active hotel serving visitors to the Dufur area. Because of its importance to local history, the Balch Hotel is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first homesteader arrived in the Dufur area in 1852. The earliest community records are of church meetings beginning in 1862. The town was named for the Dufur family, successful ranchers who settled in the Dufur Valley in 1872. The Dufur post office was established in 1878. The town of Dufur was incorporated 1893.</p><br>
<p>The need to accommodate travelers grew along with the town of Dufur. The Balch Hotel was designed by F. M. Andrews for Charles P. Balch, a local rancher and pharmacist. It was built in 1907, and opened on 17 January 1908. When the hotel opened, the cost of a room ranged from $0.50 to $1.25 per night. The hotel boasted that it had hot water in every room, electric lights, and steam heat. At that time, there were only two places in the Dufur Valley that had electricity, the Balch Hotel and Dufur’s saw mill. The two businesses shared the limited power supply; each got twelve hours of electricity per day. The lumber mill had electricity for 12 hours during the day, and the hotel was connected for twelve hours beginning in the evening. In its early years, the Great Southern Railroad would drop off salesmen, who could connect at Dufur between the railroad&#39;s northern terminus at The Dalles and coaches to points south in Central Oregon. The salesmen typically stayed at the Balch Hotel, and would set up their wares in the hotel’s parlor. This made the hotel a center of community activity as well as a haven for travelers.</p><br>
<p>In 1914, Balch sold the hotel to Frank and Ethel Ingels. The onset of the Great Depression, which was attended by the closure of the railroad and the failure of a major local apple orchard, marked the end of Dufurs and the hotels heyday. The Ingels family operated the hotel until the 1940s. When they sold the building, it was converted into apartments. It was a rooming house for a number of years and later a private residence. The building was eventually purchased by Howard and Patricia Green in 1988. The Greens restored and modernized the building and reopened the hotel. In 2006, Jeff and Samantha Irwin purchased the hotel from the Greens. The Irwins continued the Greens&#39; restoration work. Then in June 2015, Claire Sierra and Josiah Dean took over operations. Today, the Balch Hotel is a small but well-appointed tourist hotel.</p><br>
<p>Because the Balch Hotel played an important role in the commercial development of Dufur and central Wasco County, the hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on 8 September 1987. The historic site covers ten acres, with one historic building (the hotel) and three other non-contributing structures on the property.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The Balch Hotel is a three-story Italianate style brick building. The bricks used in the hotel’s construction were made at a brickworks on Charles Balch’s ranch, near the building site. The hotel’s brick walls are 18 inches thick. This keeps the hotel’s interior cool during the hot summer months.</p><br>
<p>All the rooms were restored and modernized between 1988 and 2007, so the Balch Hotel is quite modern; however, it still retains an early 20th-century feel. There are no telephones or televisions in the rooms, but there are wireless Internet connections. The building&#39;s historic character has been maintained in many small details; for example, original fire hoses hang in the hallway and an old electric meter is still in its original location on the second floor.</p><br>
<p>The hotel has 19 guest bedrooms plus a suite on the third floor with a view of Mount Hood and private whirlpool tub. Each room has an individual style with antique furnishings and unique period décor. All the rooms on the south side of the building have private baths. The rooms on the north side share common bath facilities with original claw-foot tubs.</p><br>
<p>Union Mills Homestead Historic District is a national historic district at Westminster, Carroll County, Maryland, United States. It comprises a dwelling house, a grist mill, and a Bollman-design bridge. The Shriver Homestead was built in 1797 by Andrew and David Shriver and has been continually occupied by the family. The mill, also built 1797, is a large brick structure, built of locally manufactured brick laid in both Flemish bond and common bond. On June 30, 1863, General J.E.B. Stuart of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia camped at Union Mills and was hosted by part of the Shriver family. On the following day, General James Barnes of the 5th Corps of the Army of the Potomac arrived on the site and welcomed and entertained by other members of the family.</p><br>
<p>Union Mills was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<p>The Union Mills Homestead was home to the Shriver family for 6 generations. It is currently a historic landmark located in Westminster, Maryland, about 17 miles south of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The Homestead is now a museum of American culture, operated by the Union Mills Homestead Foundation, a non-profit foundation with all proceeds dedicated to the preservation and restoration of the Union Mills Homestead Complex.</p><br>
<h2>The building of the Shriver homestead</h2><br>
<p>The following passage is excerpted from "Union Mills: The Shriver Homestead Since 1797" by Frederic Shriver Klein, first published in The Maryland Historical Magazine in December 1957, and reprinted by the Union Mills Homestead Foundation.</p><br>
<p>"The Shriver brothers bought a large tract of land along Big Pipe Creek, about seven miles north of Westminster and along early roads leading into Littlestown and Pennsylvania&#39;s roads toward the west. The junction of Pipe Creek and Deep Run furnished a strong flow of water for a mill in the wide valley, and gentle slopes on either side provided land for grazing, farming or settlement. Heavy stands of black oak would furnish tanbark for a tannery, and the Shrivers knew a good bit about tanning leather. At this time, Andrew Shriver was operating a store and tavern in Littlestown, Pennsylvania, and David was practicing as a civil engineer in Maryland.</p><br>
<p>The original mill contract shows that on January 25, 1797, the two brothers completed arrangements with John Mong, a Frederick County millwright to construct "a set of mills," a grist mill and a saw mill. On March 13, Jacob Keefer and John Eckert contracted "to mould and burn a kiln of brick" for the mill, "providing 100,000 brick or more, to be paid for at the rate of one French crown for every thousand brick." The brick kiln was constructed near the creek, known in previous years as Pipeclay Creek.</p><br>
<p>The house had its origin on January 26 of the same year, when a contract was made with Henry Kohlstock of York County, Pennsylvania, for building a small double house as a residence for the two brothers. Kohlstock, a joiner, agreed "to finish two small houses 14 by 17 feet each, to be connected by a porch and passage about 10 feet wide." Each house had one upper and one lower room, with a connecting center hallway and a small porch in front, twelve by eight feet. The carpenter&#39;s bill for labor gives an interesting idea of costs in 1797:</p><br>
<p>Lower floors for small house 5 dols.</p><br>
<p>Upper floor, rough 3 dols.</p><br>
<p>Windows, casing, frames and sash 2 dols. each</p><br>
<p>Doors, casings, etc. 2 dols.each</p><br>
<p>Weatherboarding, stairs, porch, cornice seats, washboards 3 dols.</p><br>
<p>Painting 6 dols.</p><br>
<p>The total labor costs for the house came to eighty-six dollars!"</p><br>
<p>Union Bridge Station is a historic railway station in Union Bridge, Carroll County, Maryland. It was built in 1902 as a stop for the Western Maryland Railway. It is representative of the rural railway stations constructed during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The station&#39;s two buildings are arranged with their south façades lengthwise fronting the railroad tracks.</p><br>
<p>The railroad operated a major railroad car shop adjacent to the station from the late 19th century until the 1950s. The shop buildings were demolished in 1964.</p><br>
<p>The station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Western Maryland Railway Historical Society Museum</h2><br>
<p>The station is now the home of the Western Maryland Railway Historical Society Museum, which includes artifacts of the Western Maryland Railway.</p><br>
<p>The Sertavul Pass  is a mountain pass situated on the central Taurus Mountains at the border of Mersin Province with Karaman Province on the road from Konya over Karaman to the Mediterranean coast at Anamur or Silifke.</p><br>
<p>The landscape around the pass differs from the other Taurus Mountains&#39; passes due to its relatively flat form. Its character changes as the passage extends further south into the deep valley around Mut north of Mersin Province. While the terrain is mainly treeless and is often with no grass, the plains are covered with cushion plants. The karst landscape is dotted with limestone rocks and riddled with countless sinkholes.</p><br>
<p>Servatul Pass was the location that Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa crossed the Taurus Mountains on the Third Crusade before he drowned in the River Calycadnus (currently Göksu) in 1190.</p><br>
<p>Gordium  was the capital city of ancient Phrygia. It was located at the site of modern Yassıhüyük, about 70–80 km southwest of Ankara , in the immediate vicinity of Polatlı district. The site was excavated by Gustav Körte and Alfred Körte in 1900 and then by the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, under the direction of Rodney S. Young, between 1950 and 1973. Excavations have continued at the site under the auspices of the University of Pennsylvania Museum with an international team.</p><br>
<p>Gordium lies where the ancient road between Lydia and Assyria/Babylonia crossed the Sangarius river.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the 12th century BCE, Gordium was settled by Brygians who had migrated from southeastern Europe. During the 9th and 8th centuries BCE, the city grew into the capital of a kingdom that controlled much of Asia Minor west of the river Halys. The kings of Phrygia built large tombs near Gordium called tumuli, which consist of artificial mounds constructed over burial chambers. There are about one hundred of them, covering both cremations and inhumations. In the 8th century, the lower city and the area to the north of the citadel was surrounded by a circuit wall with regularly spaced towers.</p><br>
<p>The most famous king of Phrygia was the quasi-legendary Midas. Contemporary Assyrian sources dating between c. 718 and 709 BCE call him Mit-ta-a. According to the Greek historian Herodotus, King Midas was the first foreigner to make an offering at the sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi, dedicating the throne from which he gave judgment. During his reign, according to Strabo, the nomadic Cimmerians invaded Asia Minor, and in 710/709 BCE, Midas was forced to ask for help from the Assyrian king Sargon II. In Strabos account, King Midas committed suicide by drinking bulls blood when the Cimmerians overran the city.</p><br>
<p>Tumulus MM (for "Midas Mound"), the Great Tumulus, is the largest burial mound at Gordium, standing over 50 meters high today, with a diameter of about 300 meters. The tumulus was excavated in 1957 by Youngs team, revealing the remains of the royal occupant, resting on purple and golden textiles in an open log coffin, surrounded by a vast array of magnificent objects. The burial goods included pottery and bronze vessels containing organic residues, bronze fibulae (ancient safety pins), leather belts with bronze attachments, and an extraordinary collection of carved and inlaid wooden furniture, exceptional for its state of preservation. The Tumulus MM funeral ceremony has been reconstructed, and scientists have determined that the guests at the banquet ate lamb or goat stew and drank a mixed fermented beverage. It is now generally assumed to be the tomb of Midas father Gordias, and was probably the first monumental project of Midas after his accession.</p><br>
<h3>Date of the destruction</h3><br>
<p>There is ample evidence of widespread burning of the city mound of Gordium, in a level referred to by Young as the destruction level. Archaeologists at first interpreted the destruction level as the remains of a Cimmerian attack, c. 700 BCE. The traces were later reinterpreted as dating to c. 800 BCE, largely on the basis of dendrochronology and radiocarbon analysis, and with reference to the types of objects found in the burned level. If this reinterpretation is correct, then the otherwise-unrecorded destruction would seem to have been caused by a conflagration unrelated to a Cimmerian attack. The earlier date, though, is contested, primarily on the basis of the types and styles of objects excavated in the destruction level, the latest of which are dated to c. 700 BCE by some scholars. The radiocarbon date seems to have a range wide enough to accommodate both proposed archaeological dates. Although the date of the destruction continues to be debated, a date of c. 800 BCE is now most-commonly accepted.</p><br>
<h3>Gordian Knot</h3><br>
<p>According to ancient tradition, in 333 BCE Alexander the Great cut (or otherwise unfastened) the Gordian Knot: this intricate knot joined the yoke to the pole of a Phrygian wagon that stood on the acropolis of the city. The wagon was associated with Midas or Gordias (or both), and was connected with the dynasty&#39;s rise to power. A local prophecy had decreed that whoever could loosen the knot was destined to become the ruler of Asia.</p><br>
<p>The Willa Cather Birthplace, also known as the Rachel E. Boak House, is the site near Gore, Frederick County, Virginia, where the Pulitzer Prize-winning author Willa Cather was born in 1873. The log home was built in the early 19th century by her great-grandfather and has been enlarged twice. The building was previously the home of Rachel E. Boak, Cather&#39;s grandmother. Cather and her parents lived in the house only about a year before they moved to another home in Frederick County. The farmhouse was listed on the Virginia Landmarks Register  in 1976 and the National Register of Historic Places  in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was originally owned by Cathers great-grandfather, Jacob Seibert. The original portion of the home was probably built in the 1810s. A two-story frame extension on the western end of the house was added around twenty years later while an ell was probably added sometime after the Civil War. In 1869, the home and 4.5 acre of land was conveyed to Seiberts daughter, Rachel E. Boak. Virginia Boak, her daughter, and Charles Cather were married at the house in December 1872. The following year on December 7, the couples first child, Willa Cather, was born in the house. In 1874, Willa and her parents moved to a nearby home, Willow Shade, also listed on the NRHP. Cathers relatives began moving to Nebraska in the 1870s and her family followed in 1883, settling in Red Cloud. The house where she was born was conveyed from Cathers grandmother to a woman named S.S. Gore. Ownership of the home changed hands four more times until being purchased by Charles T. Brill in 1950. At the time of the homes historical survey taken in 1976, Brill used the building as an office and retreat.</p><br>
<p>The Willa Cather Birthplace was added to the VLR on September 21, 1976, and the NRHP on November 16, 1978. A historical marker in front of the home was installed by the Virginia Department of Historic Resources. The marker reads:</p><br>
<p>Here Willa Sibert Cather, the novelist, was born December 7, 1873. This community was her home until 1883 when her family moved to Nebraska. Nearby on Back Creek stands the old mill described in her novel Sapphira and the Slave Girl.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The vernacular building is a simple two-story log house. The rear portion of the home features a two-story frame ell extending from the center. The facade has three windows on the first floor and five windows on the second. All of the facade windows feature louvered blinds. Doors are located on the western and eastern ends of the home&#39;s facade with a simple porch attached to the western entrance. The original portion of the home includes the three bays on the eastern end. A chimney was attached to the western end of the original portion before the later extension. The chimney was incorporated into the building and the smokestack is now only visible above the roof ridge. The gable roof is covered with standing seam sheet metal with box cornices at the eaves. Most of the exterior walls are covered with weatherboards with the remaining sections covered with asbestos shingles. The underpinning of the home is made of fieldstone.</p><br>
<p>Each floor of the homes main section contains two large rooms while the rear ell has one large room on each floor. The ells first floor room contains the kitchen. Many of the original details are still intact in the main section of the house such as the flooring, stairwell, and batten doors. The staircase features square balusters and a square newel. A dilapidated two-story kitchen and servants&#39; house, possibly built in the 1930s or 1940s, is located behind the home.</p><br>
<p>Dachstein Glacier is a glacier located above the town of Ramsau am Dachstein in Austria. Snow is at the top of the glacier throughout the year. However snow is soft in summer. This mountain is located south of Salzburg. The train stops at Schladming and from there is a bus to the village below the Dachstein.</p><br>
<h2>Skiing</h2><br>
<p>The Dachstein is a popular ski area that remains snow-covered for much of the year. Descents are between 2,700 m and 2,264 m, it has three drag lifts and one two-seater chairlift, as well as the cable car to take people up to the glacier.</p><br>
<h2>Private houses</h2><br>
<p>There are private houses that offer a place to stay for the night at the base of the Dachstein Mountain. They have signs that say "Zimmer Frei". They give rolls and coffee or tea for breakfast.</p><br>
<h2>Ski Tours</h2><br>
<p>The glacier hosts a number of ski tours. The tour that crosses over the mountain into Obertraun has been named Austria&#39;s National Ski Tour.</p><br>
<h2>Attractions</h2><br>
<p>The mountain station of the cable car has an observation platform and a glacier experience attraction named Icepalace.</p><br>
<p>Foy House is a Victorian Italianate-style house that was built in 1872, located in Los Angeles, California. It was the eighth property in Los Angeles to receive Historical-Cultural Monument status.</p><br>
<h2>Figueroa Street</h2><br>
<p>The original site of the house was part of the original Pueblo de Los Angeles lands at the corner of 7th Street and Figueroa Street (then known as Grasshopper Street) in Downtown Los Angeles. In 1872, Samuel Calvert Foy (September 23, 1840 - April 24, 1901) purchased the property from Los Angeles Mayor Thomas Foster for $1,000. At the time the Foys built their house, the site was considered to be "way out in the country." The house&#39;s design is attributed to Ezra F. Kysor.</p><br>
<p>Foys daughter, Mary Foy, was the citys first woman librarian from 1880-1884, a leader in the California Womens suffrage movement, a leader of the Democratic Party, and the first woman to be a member of one of the major parties national committees.</p><br>
<p>Foy suffered from "dropsical trouble" during the last two years of his life and was eventually confined to the home. He died in April 1901, but his wife Lucinda Macy Foy remained in residence at the house. As the city&#39;s business district exapanded rapidly in the 1910s, the one-and-a-half acre site became one of the choicest building sites in the business district with 217 feet of frontage on Figueroa Street and 236 feet on Seventh Street.</p><br>
<p>The Wilshire Grand Hotel building was located at the building&#39;s original site from 1952-2012.</p><br>
<h2>Witmer Street</h2><br>
<p>In December 1919, the Foy family sold the property for a consideration reported to be approximately $600,000. At the time of the property&#39;s sale in 1919, the new owner announced its plan to start construction immediately of a six- or seven-story structure on the site at a cost of $450,000. Though there are varying accounts as to the date (either 1906,), the Foy House was moved to its second site on 631-633 South Witmer Street, just north of Wilshire Boulevard and across from Good Samaritan Hospital.</p><br>
<p>For more than 30 years from 1951 to at least 1981, the house served as the headquarters for Magma Power Co., one of the pioneering companies in the field of geothermal energy. In September 1962, the Foy House was designated as a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument (HCM #8), only the eighth property to receive the designation. In 1974, Magma Power restored the house at a cost of $50,000, using the services of five-time Oscar-winning set designer, Keogh Gleason, for the interior renovation. In 1981, About 10 of Magma&#39;s employees worked at Foy House.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1980s, the house was donated to Good Samaritan Hospital by businessman Ben Weingart.</p><br>
<h2>Carroll Avenue</h2><br>
<p>The house had fallen into disrepair by the early 1990s. In 1992, the Good Samaritan Hospital reached an agreement with James Prager, an attorney who owned a Victorian home in the Carroll Avenue historic district in Angelino Heights. The hospital agreed to contribute to the move of the house, and Prager agreed to restore the home. In December 1992, the house was moved to its third location at 1337 Carroll Avenue. The Foy House was the seventh house to be moved to Angelino Heights, the first and largest historic preservation zone in the City of Los Angeles. From 1998 through 2006 it was highlighted in several episodes of the television series Charmed. In 2011, it was used as the exterior of J Edgar Hoovers parents home in the movie "J. Edgar". In 2012, it was featured in the movie Guilt Trip, as Andy Margolis Jr.s house.</p><br>
<p>Mary River is a river in the Kimberley of Western Australia.</p><br>
<p>The headwaters of the river rise south of Mount Angelo, approximately 25 km south of Halls Creek. The river then flows in a westerly direction through Oollumarra Soak and discharges into Margaret River of which it is a tributary.</p><br>
<p>Mary River has nine tributaries including Laura River, Willy Willy Creek, Garden Creek, Hangman Creek and Janet Creek.</p><br>
<p>The river was named in 1884 when the area was explored by a government survey party led by Harry Johnston, who named it after his mother, Mary Johnston (1822-1893), the daughter of Marshall Waller Clifton and Elinor Bell.</p><br>
<p>The traditional owners of the areas around the river are the Djaru and Konejandi peoples.</p><br>
<p>The Rainbow Point Comfort Station and Overlook Shelter in Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah were designed in 1939 by A.V. Jory of the National Park Service Branch of Plans and Designs in the National Park Service Rustic style. Located at the southern end of the Rim Road at Rainbow Point, the buildings were built by the Civilian Conservation Corps in 1940.</p><br>
<p>The "comfort station", otherwise known as a public toilet, is set back from the rim of Bryce Canyon. The comfort station is designed in the "logs-out" style, sheathed in V-joint wood shiplap siding, with half-round logs covering the joints. The roof is framed with log rafters. The shelter is located directly on the edge of the canyon, facing outwards. The shelter uses massive vertical log posts supporting a log-framed roof. Vertical board siding is used as an infill on the rear half, which is open to the canyon on the front. Siding encloses two small storage areas behind the main interpretive displays.</p><br>
<p>The Bryce Inn, also known as the Bryce General Store, in Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah was designed by architect Gilbert Stanley Underwood and built in 1932. It was the last major building designed by Underwood for the Utah Parks Company. Designed in the National Park Service Rustic style, the Inn served as the center of a set of "housekeeping cabins" for park visitors, providing a cafeteria, laundry and vending facilities. However, the housekeeping cabins have since been removed, changing the Inn&#39;s relationship to its surroundings.</p><br>
<p>The one-story building has an irregular shape with a partly enclosed porch on the southeast side. Framing is in the "studs-out" style, with the 1" x 6" sheathing applied to the inside of the framing, emphasizing the framing as a decorative pattern on the exterior. The main entry is via the porch, through double doors. A new entry was built in 1973 on the southwest side that is accessible for the disabled. The building presently functions as a store and sells fast food items. This large room features exposed roof structure. Shower and laundry services are in an extension on the northwest side, with separate entries. A 1937 addition at the west end features an exterior stone chimney and a partial basement. The roof is a hipped structure with a wavy shingle pattern.</p><br>
<p>When the Inn was the center of the housekeeping camp area, providing dining and laundry services for tourists in the cabins. This development, consisting of at least 25 cabins, has since been removed, changing the building&#39;s relationship to its surroundings.</p><br>
<p>The Bryce Inn was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 25, 1995.</p><br>
<p>The King River is a river in the Kimberley of Western Australia.</p><br>
<p>The headwaters of the river rise between the Durack Range and the Saw Range. It flows southwards before turning north and continuing until it discharges into the West Arm of the Cambridge Gulf just South of Wyndham.</p><br>
<p>The river was named in 1884 during hydrographic surveys by Staff Commander James Coghlan after Captain Phillip Parker King who was the first European to chart the river mouth in 1818.</p><br>
<p>The river flooded in 2005 following heavy rainfall when Cyclone Ingrid crossed the coast in the area. At Diggers Rest Station near Wyndham fences and livestock were swept away.</p><br>
<p>The Indigenous Australian name for the river is Goolime and traditional owners of the areas around the river are the Ngarinjin, for the area around its headwaters.</p><br>
<p>The Monte Nerone is a mountain in the Umbrian Apennines, in the province of Pesaro e Urbino, Marche, central Italy. The highest peak is at 1,525 m above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The Monte Nerone is a limestone massif, including several aspects of Karst topography. The core of the mountain is formed by an oncoidal limestone reef covered by successive pelagic carbonate deposits including ammonite beds. The mountains in this area have been caught up in a period of compressional tectonics causing folding and distinct high topographic ridges.</p><br>
<p>Origins of the name are unclear; it has been suggested it could stem from that of the Roman consul Gaius Claudius Nero, who, in the battle of the Metaurus against the Carthaginians led by Hasdrubal, pursued the Gauls up to the mountain&#39;s peak.</p><br>
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<p>Jeremiah Brown House and Mill Site is a Colonial-era mill complex and national historic district at Rising Sun, Cecil County, Maryland, United States. It consists of two distinct halves: a two-story, three-bay, gable-roofed stone structure built in 1757 by Jeremiah Brown, Sr., a Quaker from Pennsylvania; and a two-story, two-bay gable-roofed frame house built in 1904 by John Clayton on the site of the original 1702 log wing. Also on the property is a small 19th century bank barn; a reconstruction of the original mill built on top of the stone foundations of the 1734 Brown Water Corn and Gristmill; and the foundations of an 18th-century saw mill.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. The entire site is located within the grounds of the Plumpton Park Zoo.</p><br>
<p>The Perry Point Mansion House and grist Mill is a national historic district at Perry Point, Cecil County, Maryland, United States. It is a -story, center-passage brick house covered with gray stucco. The 30 foot by 20 foot, stone grist mill is built into a river bank and is two to three stories high. Both structures were built about 1750. Since the end of World War I when the property was acquired by the Federal government, Perry Point has been used as a rehabilitation center, a supply depot, and a psychiatric hospital, the latter use surviving and expanding to the present.</p><br>
<p>The Perry Point Mansion House and Mill was added to the National Register of Historic Places during 1975.</p><br>
<p>As of 1/1/2014 GSA as the agent for the VA is seeking a contractor to renovate the Mansion House and Grist Mill.</p><br>
<h2>Perry Point VA Medical Center - History</h2><br>
<p>The first inhabitants of the Perry Point peninsula were the giant Susquehannock Indians. Many arrow heads and other relics of the tribe can still be found throughout the Point to attest to their long occupation of the area.</p><br>
<p>In approximately 1680, Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore</p><br>
<p>Lord Baltimore made a grant of 32,000 acres of land, designated as Susquehanna Manor, to his cousin George Talbot. A part of the grant included Susquehanna Point, the first name given to the peninsula. When Talbot was appointed Surveyor General of the grant to promote settlements on the land, he found that John Bateman was already established on the Point. Bateman had acquired the land in 1658 by a patent from Lord Baltimore.</p><br>
<p>In 1710, Captain Richard Perry acquired the land. Although the name “Perry Point” has been ascribed to Captain Richard Perry, the original grant to John Bateman refers to the tract as “Perry Point,” thus proving that the change from “Susquehanna Point” occurred earlier than 1658.</p><br>
<p>Between the time that John Bateman owned the property and when it was purchased by Captain Perry, the records do not show the names of the owners. Relatives of George Talbot resided for a time on the Point and may have owned it during this time period.</p><br>
<p>In 1728, Perry Point was owned by John Perry, George Perry, Anna Templer and Dorothy Barren. In 1729, Phillip Thomas became the owner of the property, leaving it by will to his son Samuel Thomas in 1763, who in turn willed it to his son Richard Thomas in 1784. It was during the Thomas family ownership of the Point that the Mansion House was constructed around 1750 from bricks brought over as ballast on ships from England. The Grist Mill, which was built around the same period as the Mansion House, indicates that there was a settlement of considerable size on the Point.</p><br>
<p>In 1798, John Homes’ name appears on the records as the owner of Perry Point, followed by Littleton Gale in 1799 and George Gale on October 11, 1800. On October 13, 1800, John Stump purchased Perry Point, which presumably included an estate of approximately 1,800 acres. It was during the residence of John Stump that the British came up the Chesapeake Bay in the War of 1812, burned Havre de Grace, and continued their destruction as far up as Lapidum, where they burned a grist mill owned by John Stump’s cousin. They returned down the river and marched to Principio, where they burned the Iron Works. For some unknown reason, they spared the Mansion House and Grist Mill at Perry Point.</p><br>
<p>John Stump died in 1828, leaving Perry Point to his son John Stump II. During the Civil War, the United States Government took over Perry Point for the first time, using it as a training station for cavalry mules. The officers in charge of the project used the Mansion House for their headquarters, sharing it for a time with the Stump family. When the situation became too strained for comfort, John Stump II moved his family to Harford County to live with his sister. Upon their return, they found the Mansion House badly abused and the farm sadly neglected, but many of the former slaves remained voluntarily as hired workers and the usual activities resumed.</p><br>
<p>In 1848, an agreement was drawn up between John Stump II and the promoters of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad (a branch of the Pennsylvania system) for the right of way through the Stump farm. Due to great difficulties in the construction process, the road was not completed until about 1954.</p><br>
<p>In 1898, John Stump II died, leavening his estate to his 10 children: Mary Smith, Judge Frederick Stump, Henrietta Mitchell, Anna Webster, John Stump, Katherine Magraw, Dr. George M. Stump, Elizabeth Boswell, Alicia Stump and Judge Arthur H. Stump.</p><br>
<p>Soon after the United States entered World War I on April 6, 1917, several representatives of the USA Government were sent out from Washington to inspect a number of locations for an ammonium nitrate plan. Because of its favorable location close to transportation facilities, Perry Point was selected. In February 1918, the USA Government purchased the 516-acre estate for $150,000 from the Stump heirs.</p><br>
<p>The USA Government leased the Point to the Atlas Powder Company, which constructed a large ammonium nitrate plant and village of 300 homes to house its employees. The ground was broken for the construction of the plan on March 3, 1918. After only 124 days of constructions, the first unit of the plant started turning out ammonium nitrate on July 5, 1918, for use in high explosives. Soon after the completion of the plant and its village, the Armistice was signed and the manufacture of ammonium nitrate was no longer necessary.</p><br>
<p>By Act of Congress, Perry Point was turned over to the USA Public Health Service on March 3, 1919, for the hospitalization of War Risk beneficiaries and as a storage depot for surplus hospital supplies for the Army. The first hospital building, a two-story structure located in the village, was converted to accommodate 75 patients.</p><br>
<p>When the USA Public Health Service opened at Perry Point, the facility functioned as a general hospital that provided care for patients with various disabilities. In 1920, the USA Public Health Hospital in Cap May, New Jersey closed, the patients were transferred to Perry Point and four more of the buildings in the village were converted for hospital use. It was at this time that Perry Point became a hospital that focused on neuro-psychiatric care.</p><br>
<p>The USA Veterans’ Bureau took over Perry Point on May 1, 1922. That year the first permanent buildings, the five circle wards, were built. In 1923, the patient population at Perry Point grew substantially after several other hospital facilities closed and transferred their patients and staff to the facility. All activities on the campus were divided into four departments: Hospitalization, Supplies, Utilities and Rehabilitation.</p><br>
<p>In 1923, officials at Perry Point decided to adopt the name “Federal Park” to indicate government ownership and operation. Representatives of the Stump family and other leading families in Cecil County petitioned the authorities in Washington, D.C., to restore the original name of the campus due to its historic significance. On June 30, 1924, the Government agreed to the change and “Federal Park” ceased to be and “Perry Point” came into its own again.</p><br>
<p>On May 25, 1925, five additional hospital wards and a recreation building were completed to accommodate the additional patient population. In the years that followed, many additional hospital and administrative buildings were constructed throughout the campus to meet the needs of Perry Point’s growing patient population. The Veterans Administration actually came into being in 1930 when President Hoover signed an Executive Order establishing the agency.</p><br>
<p>On October 30, 1989, ground was broken for a new clinical addition at Perry Point that was constructed to provide primary care and specialty outpatient services. The new outpatient care facility, which is attached to building 23H, was designed and constructed to better meet the needs of Veterans by offering the latest medical technology, expanded clinical space and comfortable waiting areas and exam rooms.</p><br>
<p>In October 1995, the Perry Point VA Medical Center integrated under a single management structure with the Baltimore and Fort Howard VA Medical Centers and the Baltimore VA Rehabilitation & Extended Care Center to form the VA Maryland Health Care System. On June 20, 2000, the Secretary of Veterans Affairs approved the plans to change the mission of the Fort Howard VA Medical Center. The mission change was requested to address the numerous structural deficiencies within the facility’s main hospital building, as well as the continuing shift nationally from inpatient to outpatient care. The plans for the approved mission change included shifting inpatient programs and administrative functions from Fort Howard to other VA shifting inpatient programs and administrative functions from Fort Howard to other VA Maryland Health Care System facilities. The first phase of the mission change was completed in September 2002, with the relocation of Fort Howard’s inpatient programs and administrative functions to the Baltimore VA Rehabilitation & Extended Care Center and the Perry Point VA Medical Center.</p><br>
<p>On April 7, 1998, a new inpatient mental health care building was dedicated at Perry Point. The new facility (building 364), which was Perry Point’s first new inpatient building constructed in over 50 years, was built to offer specialized treatment programs, rehabilitation services and enhanced patient privacy for Veterans in a comfortable, state-of-the-art setting.</p><br>
<p>To better serve the needs of outpatients requiring mental health care services, a new 5,600 square foot Partial Hospitalization Program replacement building was constructed at Perry Point and dedicated on September 20, 2004. This new facility, which is attached to the outpatient mental health clinic (Building 80H), provides a structured treatment program to assist Veteran patients transition back into the community and to prevent future hospitalization. The new facility is a replacement for the old Day Treatment Center (Building 10H), which was originally constructed in 1924.</p><br>
<p>Today, the Perry Point VA Medical Center has been serving the health care needs of USA Veterans for more than 80 years. There are currently over 85 buildings dispersed throughout the 397-acre campus, with several of the buildings constructed by the Atlas Powder Company still in active use.</p><br>
<p>In 1975, the historic significance of the Mansion House and Grist Mill was recognized when the two structures were placed on the prestigious National Register of Historic Places by the USA Department of the Interior. These two buildings are the oldest known structures in the entire VA system.</p><br>
<p>Mountain Lake is a lake situated in southern Adirondack Park in Bleecker, New York. It is located just west of Great Sacandaga Lake. The lake was called Carpenter&#39;s Lake in the 19th century. The lake contains one small island, Elmer Island, located towards the western end. There is a dam on the northwestern end of the lake. Its outlet flows into Vandenburgh Pond. During an era of economic prosperity with leather and glove manufacturing in the local communities, the lake was a popular resort area for people of Gloversville and Johnstown in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. There was at one time an electric train line that ran from the northern end of Gloversville up Bleecker Mountain to a station at the lake for vacationers. This line was owned at one time by the FJ&G RR Co.</p><br>
<h2>Mountain Lake Hotel</h2><br>
<p>A hotel was located on the lake in the early 1900s, but it later succumbed to fire.</p><br>
<h2>Mountain Lake Railroad wreck</h2><br>
<p>On July 4, 1902, at about 9:20 p.m., 14 people were killed and several more injured when a rear-end collision occurred on the Mountain Lake Railroad. Here is a link about this event, with some postcards of the area around the start of the 20th century: l</p><br>
<p>Hobcaw Barony is a 16,000 acre tract on a peninsula called Waccamaw Neck between the Winyah Bay and the Atlantic Ocean in Georgetown County, South Carolina. Much of Hobcaw Barony is south of US Highway 17. The land was purchased by the investor, philanthropist, presidential advisor, and South Carolina native Bernard M. Baruch between 1905 and 1907 for a winter hunting retreat. Later, his eldest child, Belle W. Baruch, began purchasing the property from her father beginning in 1936. By 1956, Belle owned Hobcaw Barony entirely. Upon her death in 1964, the property was transferred to the for a nature and research preserve. The property includes more than 37 historic buildings and structures representative of the eras of both 18th & 19th century rice cultivation and 20th century winter retreats. Hobcaw Barony was named to the National Register of Historic Places on November 2, 1994.</p><br>
<p>and the North Inlet-Winyah Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve jointly operate the Hobcaw Barony and provide and.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1718, John, Lord Carteret was given a royal grant of 12,000 acre barony on Hobcaw Point at the southern end of Waccamaw Neck. In 1766 and 1767, the tract was surveyed and sold in several parcels. These were developed into about a dozen rice plantations that contributed to Georgetown County&#39;s substantial rice production between the American Revolution and the Civil War. After the Civil War, rice production decreased due to the lack of slave labor and increased production of rice in Louisiana. Barnard Baruch acquired the tract and additional land in three purchases from 1905 to 1907 to be developed as a winter hunting retreat. Although rice was no longer cultivated, the canals and embankments were retained to provide an attractive environment for waterfowl. Starting in 1935, Baruch began selling parts of Hobcaw Barony to his daughter, Belle Baruch. The first tract was 5,000 acres in the northern portion of the property. She built a house and stable complex, Bellefield Plantation, a stable cottage for her stable manager, Jean Darthez, and a small airport hangar.</p><br>
<p>Before Belle Baruch&#39;s death in 1964, she established the to perpetuate Hobcaw Barony as an educational institute for forestry and marine biology.</p><br>
<h2>Hobcaw House complex</h2><br>
<p>The Hobcaw House was the Baruch family winter retreat. It is about 4 mi south of the main entrance and overlooks Winyah Bay. It was built in 1930 to replace the Donaldson House, which burned in December 1929. The red brick house was designed by the Columbia, South Carolina, architects Lafaye and Lafaye.</p><br>
<p>Barnard Baruch entertained many friends at Hobcaw Barony. Winston Churchill and his daughter, Diana, visited in 1932. President Roosevelt took a month-long working vacation in Spring 1944 during World War II. Ralph Pulitzer, Walter Huston, Generals George C. Marshall, Omar Bradley and Mark Clark, and Senators Robert A. Taft and Harry F. Byrd were a few of his notable guests.</p><br>
<h2>Bellefield Plantation complex</h2><br>
<p>The Bellefield House Complex is about 1.25 mi south of the main entrance. The house was designed by Murgatroyd and Ogden of New York and built in 1936 with Lafaye and Lafaye of Columbia providing specifications. It is a two-story frame house with four single-story wings and a brick service wing to the rear. The house has a gabled roof. The house is built on a raised terrace with live oaks and pines. The chief landscape architect was Umberto Innocenti of New York and New Jersey.</p><br>
<p>The Bellefield Garage, also design by Murgatroyd and Ogden, had parking for four vehicles, a laundry, and two rooms for servants. The Bellefield Stable, which was considered essential by Belle, was designed by John D. W. Churchill of New York and built in 1937. The kennel for hunting dogs and the fowl coop are nearby.</p><br>
<h2>Slave settlements</h2><br>
<p>A number of old slave settlements are extant. Friendfield Village is between Kings Highway and Hobcaw Road. It has five unused houses, a church and a dispensary. There are several antebellum slave cabins built prior to the Civil War. Two others were remodeled in 1905. The Friendfield Church, which was built in 1890, is a rectangular building with board-and-batten siding, a gabled metal roof, and a pyramidal spire. Two additional cottages in Friendfield Village were built around 1935.</p><br>
<p>Barnyard Village is also on the old Friendfield Plantation. There is one antebellum cabin that was remodeled in the period from 1890 to 1905. Two residences for employees of Hobcaw Barony were constructed in 1925.</p><br>
<p>Strawberry Village is 0.5 mi north of the Hobcaw Barony Complex in an isolated area. The Strawberry School was built in 1915 for the African-American children at Hobcaw Barony and was expanded in 1935.</p><br>
<h2>Rice fields</h2><br>
<p>The rice fields played a major role in the 19th century life of the area. Many of the canals, banks, and trunks have been maintained on Hobcaw Barony. About 325 acre of the Alderley and Oryzantia, 300 acre of the Youngfield and Bellefield, 50 acre of the Strawberry Hill, and 800 acre of the Michaux and Calais Plantations remain. About 260 acre of the Marrietta, Friendfield, and Strawberry Hill Plantations have been altered.</p><br>
<h2>Other</h2><br>
<p>Over 8,000 acre of forests remain consisting of hardwood species, loblolly and longleaf pine, and cypress/tupelo swamps. Although the majority has not been timbered since Baruchs purchase, some harvesting was done in 1944 and 1945 to support war mobilization. Portions of the Kings Highway remain as a dirt road from near Highway 17 to Frasers Point on Winyah Bay south of the Hobcaw House Complex.</p><br>
<p>Bellefield Airport hangar was constructed for two planes used by Belle Baruch. The field was leased to the US Army in 1942 for the war effort.</p><br>
<p>Portions of the Friendfield Plantation Rice Mill remain. The brick building with chimney and a winnowing house were probably built in the 1870s.</p><br>
<p>There are old cemeteries including the Calais Cemetery at Frasers Point, the Fairfield or Donaldson Cemetery, the Alderly Cemetery, and the Marietta/Bellefield Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>As of 2013 salt marshes have slightly expanded at the expense of forest due to rising sea levels as encroaching sea water kills trees.</p><br>
<h2>Art Theft</h2><br>
<p>In 2003, former curator Sammy McIntosh left Bellefield House and moved to Kingstree because his contract had not been renewed for cause. On his last night in the house, a number of pieces of art mysteriously disappeared. About three weeks later, Williamsburg County deputies recovered the stolen print “Sporting Life” by John Leache, whose estimated value was about $12,000, along with other items belonging to the foundation from McIntosh’s house. He was charged with four counts of breach of trust with fraudulent intent, one count of receiving stolen goods and one count of filing a false police report, according to court records. He was sentenced to three years probation after pleading no contest.</p><br>
<p>However, the most important pieces of art, a Sir Alfred Munnings portrait of Belle Baruch and her horse Souriant and two studies along with seven Audubon prints remained missing.</p><br>
<p>The Baruch Foundation offered a $25,000 reward for information about the whereabouts of the missing artwork. There was little activity though until an “Antiques Roadshow” episode aired in February 2013. They hoped this would generate some leads, but unfortunately no real leads were found and the trail went dead until 2016.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, John and Patty Ivy of Ivy Auctions in Laurens, SC, were hired to sell the contents of an estate in the area. Upon receiving the art for cataloging in the sale, the Ivys recognized the artist name and contacted their colleague, Converse College associate professor Frazer Pajak, to help identify and catalog the work. Pajak, who coincidentally had done some work for the Baruch foundation for architectural sketches of Hobcaw knew the work immediately. The Ivys contacted George Chastain, director of the Belle Baruch Foundation in Georgetown, SC, and the FBI in order to return the art to the rightful owners.</p><br>
<p>The paintings have been returned to The Baruch Foundation and will hopefully be restored and find their way back to Bellefield House at Hobcaw. Six paintings of Hobcaw Barony by artist Louis Aston Knight remain at large as of 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Modern facilities</h2><br>
<p>Modern, non-contributing properties are on Hobcaw Barony. The University of South Carolina operates the Baruch Institute for Marine & Coastal Sciences. and Clemson University has its Belle W. Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology & Forest Science</p><br>
<p>St. Pauls Episcopal Church is a parish of the Episcopal Church in Cleveland Heights, Ohio. The current rector is the Rev. Jeanne Leinbach, installed on October 23, 2015. She is the first female rector of St. Pauls. Her predecessor was the Rev. Alan M. Gates, who served from 2004-2014, before his election as Bishop of Massachusetts. St. Paul&#39;s is a leading church and has the largest congregation in the Episcopal Diocese of Ohio.</p><br>
<p>The church building is a Cleveland Heights landmark. Located at 2747 Fairmount Blvd, it is a contributing property in the Fairmount Boulevard District, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>St. Pauls was first established in the city of Cleveland, Ohio on October 26, 1846. The congregation did not have its own building until 1851, as a frame building completed in 1849 burned completely. A small brick church in the Gothic Revival style was completed for the parish at Euclid and Sheriff (East 4th) Streets by 1858. St. Pauls congregation outgrew the church, however, as well as a subsequent building at East 40th Street (later sold to the Roman Catholic Church, and renamed the Church of the Conversion of St. Paul the Apostle in 1930). The first service at St. Paul&#39;s, Cleveland Heights, was on April 25, 1928. The church was designed by J. Byers Hayes of Walker & Weeks in the English Gothic style. The present nave was dedicated in 1951. Martin Luther King Jr. spoke there in May 1963 (months before the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom).</p><br>
<h2>Organs</h2><br>
<p>The current nave houses three pipe organs. The most notable of these three organs is a 1952 instrument built by local builder Walter Holtkamp. In the late 1980s, the church installed an instrument by the Austrian builder Gerhard Hradetzky. Hradetkys instrument is installed in the rear gallery of the sanctuary. The final, and most recent organ the church has taken possession of is an organ positive by Vladimir Slajch. The current organist and choirmaster of St. Pauls is Karel Paukert.</p><br>
<p>The Holtkamp organ is considered the "definitive" example for its builder.</p><br>
<p>Academy Grove Historic District is a national historic district at Upper Fairmount, Somerset County, Maryland, United States. It comprises two Italianate-influenced frame buildings. These include the Fairmount Academy, constructed between 1860 and 1867 to serve as a public school for the Potato Neck District, and the Knights of Pythias Hall, erected adjacent to the Academy about 1872 by the Fairmount Lodge No. 77 of the Knights of Pythias. As early as 1883 the Knights of Pythias Hall was rented by the Board of Education for classroom space; when the Fairmount Lodge disbanded in 1911, the Hall continued to provide additional classroom space for the Academy.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
